Associated factors (predictors) | Patients with persistent headache (n = 55) | Patients without headache (n = 468) | P, OR, 95% CI | Logistic Regression Analysis (exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age | 60.9 | 63.5 | 0.2 | |
< 45 years old | 2 (3.6%) | 19 (4,1%) | 0.9 | .201* [.0309,1.31] |
≥ 45 years old | 53 (96.4%) | 449 (95,9%) | 0.9 | |
Females, n (%) | 28 (50.9%) | 210 (44.9%) | 0.4 | .89 [.381,2.08] |
Smokers, n (%) | 20 (36.4%) | 201 (42.9%) | 0.4 | .608 [.265,1.39] |
History of alcohol consumption | ||||
Low-alcohol beverage, n (%) | 11 (20.0%) | 63 (13.5%) | 0.2 | 1.7 [.586,4.9] |
High-alcohol beverage, n (%) | 8 (14.5%) | 105 (22.4%) | 0.2 | .762 [.297,1.96] |
History of diabetes, n (%) | 13 (23.6%) | 71 (15.2%) | 0.1 | 6.81*** [2.13,21.7] |
History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 5 (9.1%) | 74 (15.8%) | 0.2 | |
Lack of sleep, n (%) | 16 (29.1%) | 71 (15.2%) | 0.009; 2.3; 1.2–4.3 | 2.8*** [1.3,6.02] |
Body mass index > 25, n (%) | 35 (63.6%) | 320 (68.4%) | 0.5 | .593 [.293,1.2] |
Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 23 (41.8%) | 177 (37.8%) | 0.6 | 1.04 [.46,2.35] |
Hypercholesterinemia, n (%) | 27 (49.1%) | 193 (41.2%) | 0.3 | 1.49 [.757,2.92] |
Angina, n (%) | 1 (1.8%) | 131 (28.0%) | < 0.001; 0.05; 0.01–0.3 | .379* [.136,1.06] |
Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 4 (7.3%) | 47 (10.0%) | 0.5 | 3.99** [1.18,13.4] |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 50 (90.9%) | 441 (94.2%) | 0.3 | .619 [.188,2.04] |
Stroke in first-degree relatives, n (%) | 10 (18.2%) | 148 (31.6%) | 0.04; 0.5; 0.3–0.9 | .857 [.413,1.78] |
History of previous headaches | ||||
Migraine, n (%) | 5 (9.1%) | 68 (14.5%) | 0.3 | 27** [1.73,423] |
Tension-type headache, n (%) | 16 (29.1%) | 286 (61.1%) | < 0.001; 0.3; 0.1–0.5 | .0538** [.00379,.764] |
TOAST classification | ||||
Large-artery atherosclerosis, n (%) | 7 (12.7%) | 143 (30.5%) | 0.006; 0.3; 0.2–0.8 | .638 [.175,2.33] |
Small-vessel occlusion (lacune), n (%) | 7 (12.7%) | 107 (22.8%) | 0,09 | .172** [.0451,.66] |
Cardioembolism, n (%) | 4 (7.3%) | 63 (13.5%) | 0.2 | .378 [.0896,1.6] |
Stroke of undetermined aetiology, n (%) | 28 (50.9%) | 144 (30,8%) | 0.003; 2.3; 1.3–4.1 | 1.87 [.743,4.7] |
Other etiologies, n (%) | 9 (16.4%) | 11 (2.35%) | < 0.001;8.1; 3.2–20.7 | |
Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 3 (5.5%) | 11 (2.4%) | 0.2 | 3.68 [.692,19.6] |
Posterior circulation stroke, n (%) | 10 (18.2%) | 72 (15.4%) | 0.6 | .382 [.0912,1.6] |
Localization of infarct | ||||
Frontal, n (%) | 8 (14.5%) | 85 (18.2%) | 0.5 | 1.1 [.379,3.18] |
Parietal, n (%) | 7 (12.7%) | 82 (17.5%) | 0.4 | .874 [.315,2.43] |
Temporal, n (%) | 6 (10.9%) | 53 (11.3%) | 0.9 | .749 [.242,2.32] |
Occipital, n (%) | 6 (10.9%) | 48 (10.3%) | 0.9 | 1.25 [.414,3.79] |
Subcortical, n (%) | 13 (23.6%) | 148 (31.6%) | 0.5 | 1.4 [.55,3.59] |
Cerebellum, n (%) | 10 (18.2%) | 32 (6.8%) | 0.003; 3.0; 1.4–6.6 | 7.07*** [1.81,27.6] |
The brain stem, n (%) | 5 (9.1%) | 52 (11.1%) | 0.6 | 1.63 [.502,5.32] |
Size of infarct | ||||
3–15 mm, n (%) | 9 (16.4%) | 151 (32.3%) | 0.02; 0.4; 0.2–0.9 | .63 [.191,2.08] |
> 15 mm, n (%) | 27 (49.1%) | 195 (41.7%) | 0.3 | .902 [.339,2.4] |
NIHSS score | ||||
Less than 8 points, n (%) | 50 (90.9%) | 349 (74.6%) | 0.007; 3.4; 1.4–8.6 | 4.21*** [1.52,11.7 |
8 – 16 points, n (%) | 5 (9.1%) | 118 (25.2%) | 0.008; 0.3; 0.1–0.8 | |
More than 16 points, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 1 ( 0.2%) | 0.7 |