Table 3 Characteristics of studies regarding association between migraine and risk of dementia
Study | Study type | Type of migraine | Study location | Sample size | Age (years) | Gender (male%) | Adjusted variables | Follow-up time (years) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyas et al. 2001 [36] | case-control | migraine | USA | AD 36/HC 658 | 79.8 ± 5.7 | 33.3% | age, education and sex, occupational exposure to fumigants/defoliants | NA | AD 3.49 (1.39–8.77) |
Chuang et al. 2013 [37] | cohort | migraine | China | Migraine 33,468, no Migraine 133,872 | 42.4 | 28.7% | age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, depression, head injury, and CHD | 12 | All-cause Dementia 1.33 (1.22–1.46) |
Pavlovic et al. 2013 [38] | cohort | Migraine | USA | Migraine 136 no Migraine 838 | ≥70 | NA | age, sex, education, depression, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, and other heart conditions | NA | All-cause dementia 0.56 (0.27–1.18) |
Hagen et al. 2014 [39] | cohort | Migraine (MwA, MWoA) | Norway | Migraine 6740, no headache 29,988 | 49.7 | 46.1% | age, sex, education, total HADS score, and smoking | 6 | VaD 2.9 (1.3–6.6) MwA 3.0 (0.4–22.5) MWoA 2.7 (1.1–6.7) |
Tzeng et al. 2017 [40] | cohort | migraine | China | Migraine 1922 no headache 10,860 | ≥20 | 31.96 | urbanization level, insured premium | 10 | All-cause Dementia 1.995 (1.572–2.533) |
Kostev et al. 2019 [41] | cohort | migraine | Germany | Migraine 3727, no Migraine 3727 | 67.7 | 27.1% | age, sex, index year, and co-diagnoses using a propensity score method | 10 | All-cause dementia 1.43 (1.07–1.78); VaD 1.51 (0.74–2.28); AD 1.87 (1.21–2.52); Unspecified dementia 1.11 (0.57–1.65) |
Lee et al. 2019 [14] | case-control | migraine | Seoul | Dementia 11,438 HC 45,752 | ≥60 | 32% | age, sex, income, region of residence, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia | NA | All-cause dementia 1.13 (1.05–1.23) |
Morton et al. 2019 [42] | cohort | migraine | Canada | Migraine 200 no Migraine 479 | 75.9 | 38.1% | age, sex, education, depression, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, and other heart conditions | 5 | 2.97 (1.25–6.61) AD 4.22 (1.59–10.42) VaD 1.52 (0.20–7.23) |
George et al. 2020 [15] | cohort | Migraine (MwA, MWoA) | USA | Migraine 1397 no Migraine 9955 | 60 | 44.1% | age, race-center, APOE ε4, income and education. BMI, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, prevalent CHD, drinking status, HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol | 21 | All-cause Dementia 1.04 (0.91–1.2) MwA 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) MWoA 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) |
Islamoska et al. 2020 [16] | Case-control | Migraine (MwA, MWoA) | Denmark | Migraine 1397 no Migraine 9955 | 18.3 | 51% | sex, country of origin, marital status, educational level, headache diagnoses, psychiatric morbidities, and Charlson Comorbidity Index | 18.3 | All-cause Dementia 1.5 (1.28–1.76) MwA 2.11 (1.48–3.00) MWoA 1.19 (0.84–1.70) All other migraine types 1.48 (1.23–1.78) |
Liang et al. 2022 [43] | cohort | Migraine | Sweden | Migraine 352 no Migraine 305 | NR | NR | NR | 3 or 6 | All-cause Dementia 0.49 (0.20–1.21) MWoA 0.66 (0.26–1.66) |