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Table 2 Characteristics of studies regarding comparison in various cognition between migraine group and no migraine group

From: Association between migraine and cognitive impairment

Study

Study type

Type of migraine

Study location

Sample size

Age (years)

Gender (male%)

Disease duration (years)

Attack frequency (times/year)

Duration of migraine attack (h)

Pain intensity (0–10)

Cognitive function

Zeitlin et al. 1984 [19]

Cross-sectional

migraine

UK

19/19

36.3

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Attention, executive function, memory

Jelicic et al. 2000 [12]

Cross-sectional

migraine

The Neth-erlands

99/ 1753

52.0

35%

NR

NR

NR

NR

Attention, memory

Calandre et al. 2002 [20]

Cross-sectional

migraine

Spain

60/30

37.8

36.7%

NR

NR

NR

NR

Executive function, attention, memory

Haverkamp et al. 2002 [21]

Cross-sectional

migraine

Germany

37/17

10

59.4%

NR

NR

NR

NR

Memory

Gaist et al. 2005 [11]

Cohort

MWoA and MwA

Denmark

536/857

56.4 (6.2)

29.8%

NR

NR

NR

NR

Executive function, language, memory, attention

Pearson et al. 2006 [13]

Cross-sectional

MWoA and MwA

UK

74/74

64.4

26%

NR

NR

NR

NR

Executive function, language

Camarda et al. 2007 [7]

Cross-sectional

MwA

Italy

45/90

33.6 (8.6)

31.1%

13.3 (7.7)

34.4 (20.3)

29.6 (20.9)

2.0 (0.8)

General cognitive function, executive function, language, attention

Kalaydjian et al. 2007 [22]

Cross-sectional

Migraine (MwA)

USA

204/1244

47.5 (12.5)

14.7%

NR

NR

NR

NR

General cognitive function

Baars et al. 2010 [23]

Cohort

migraine

the Netherlands

99/ 1724

47.1 (12.9)

36.4%

NR

NR

NR

NR

General cognitive function, executive function, memory

Rist et al. 2011 [24]

Cross-sectional

migraine

France

167/ 938

69.0 (2.9)

15.0%

NR

NR

NR

NR

General cognitive function, attention, executive function, memory

Martins et al. 2012 [25]

Cross-sectional

migraine

Portugal

61/367

61.9

8.19%

NR

NR

NR

NR

memory

Rist et al. 2012 [26]

Cohort

MWoA and MwA

USA

MWoA 248/ MwA 195/ HC 5496

MWoA 65.3 (3.6)/ MwA 65.9 (3.9)

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

language, executive function

Santangelo et al. 2016 [27]

Cross-sectional

MWoA

Italy

72/72

34.9 ± 11.2

12.5%

15.1 ± 11.6

73.2

NR

NR

General cognitive function, executive function, language, attention, memory

Wang et al. 2016 [28]

Cross-sectional

migraine

China

MV 40/ Simple migraine 40/40

MV 42.7 ± 13.3/ Simple migraine 42.2 ± 15.4

MV 40%/ Simple migraine 45%

NR

NR

NR

NR

General cognitive function, executive function, attention, memory

Wen et al. 2016 [10]

Cross-sectional

migraine

The Netherlands

1021/5399

63.8 (11.1)

18.7%

NR

NR

NR

NR

General cognitive function

Huang et al. 2017 [29]

Cross-sectional

migraine

China

34/24

36.065 ± 10.046

NR

11.25 ± 9.290

42.384

23.4 ± 24.197

6.383 ± 1.670

General cognitive function, executive function, attention, memory, language, visuospatial function

Lo et al. 2017 [30]

Cross-sectional

MWoA and MwA

Italy

14/14/14

MwA 41.28 ± 13.44 MWoA 40.75 ± 11.82

NR

MwA 10.9 ± 3.7 MWoA 12.3 ± 5.8

MwA 60.6 MWoA 72.84

MwA 3.58 ± 2.27 MWoA 4.21 ± 2.99

NR

Attention, language, memory, executive functions

Ferreira et al. 2018 [31]

Cross-sectional

CM

Brazil

30/30

33.7

4.3%

NR

144

NR

8.5

General cognitive function, executive function, attention, memory, language, visuospatial function

Tunç et al. 2018 [32]

Cross-sectional

migraine

Turkey

100/80

36.7 ±  9.4

9%

7.4 ± 7.1

43.2

NR

NR

General cognitive function, attention, memory, language, visuospatial function

Baschi et al. 2019 [33]

Cross-sectional

MWoA

Italy

21/21

29 (4.32)

42.8%

8.57 (3.69)

39.12

NR

NR

Visuospatial memory, Verbal memory, Attention, Executive functions

Karami et al. 2019 [34]

Cross-sectional

migraine

Iran

30/31

25.33

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

memory

Martins et al. 2020 [35]

Cohort

migraine

Portugal

35/214

61.1 ± 7.4

6%

NR

NR

NR

NR

General cognitive function, executive function, memory

  1. Abbreviations: CM chronic migraine, MwA migraine with aura, MWoA migraine without aura, NR not reported, PIQ performance intelligent quotient, TIQ total intelligence quotient, UK United Kingdom, USA United States, VIQ verbal intelligence quotient