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Fig. 5 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 5

From: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

Fig. 5

Associations between migraine characteristics and neurochemical levels. a Positive correlation between GABA/water in the PAG and the PHQ-9 score (r = 0.515, p = 0.017, n = 21). b Positive correlation between GABA/Cr in the PAG and the PHQ-9 score (r = 0.522, p = 0.015, n = 21). c Negative correlation between Glx/Cr in the DN and the MIDAS score (r = -0.425, p = 0.055, n = 20). d Negative correlation between GABA/water in the PAG and the PSQI score (r = -0.424, p = 0.062, n = 20). E Negative correlation between Glx/Water in the DN and the PSQI score (r = -0.452, p = 0.045, n = 20). Dots represent participants with migraine. The black regression line represents Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Gray shading represents the 95% confidence intervals of the partial correlations. Abbreviations: PAG, periaqueductal gray; DN, dentate nucleus; Cr, creatine; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; Glx, glutamate/glutamine; MIDAS, migraine disability assessment scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

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