Fig. 5

Analyses of the biomarker genus and differential pathways of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. A LEfSe analysis at the genus level. The bars represent the effect size (LDA score) of significantly discriminative genera. B Random forest analysis at the genus level. The y-axis displays the key genera ranked by their relative importance (MDA score) for classification. C Common biomarker genera in the LEfSe and RF analyses. D Relative abundances of the 5 biomarker genera. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) E Comparison of Tax4Fun2-predicted microbial functional pathways of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. The extended error bars plot shows differential metabolic pathways (Welch’s t-test, Benjamini–Hochberg FDR)