Fig. 3

Beta-diversity of gut microbiota at the OTU level. A PCoA plot between the VEH and IS groups. B ANOSIM plot between the VEH and IS groups. C PCoA plot between the VEH and TO-VEH groups. D ANOSIM plot between the VEH and TO-VEH groups. E PCoA plot among the VEH, IS and TO-IS groups. F ANOSIM plot among the VEH, IS and TO-IS groups. In PCoA plots, each symbol represents the data of an individual sample and an R-square value (range [0, 1]) shows a given grouping factor to determine the variation of distances (Adonis test, Euclidean distance, n = 6). In ANOSIM plots, the x-axis represents the different groups and the y-axis represents the distance rank of samples (ANOSIM test, Bray–Curtis distance, n = 6). An R-value (range [-1, 1]) greater than zero indicates that intergroup dissimilarities are greater than intragroup dissimilarities, while an R-value less than zero means that there are no intergroup differences