Fig. 1From: Involvement of adenosine signaling pathway in migraine pathophysiology: a systematic review of preclinical studiesAdenosine signaling pathway. Adenosine binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) resulting in either activation (adenosine A2A and A2B receptors) or inactivation (adenosine A1 and A3 receptors) of adenylyl cyclase (AC). Activation of AC increases the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which binds to protein kinase A (PKA). Active PKA then phosphorylates and thereby modulates cellular responses. ATP: adenosine triphosphateBack to article page