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Table 6 Bivariate analyses of active headache disorders according to methodological aspects of studies

From: The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates

 

Headache (183 studies)

Migraine (244 studies)

TTH (110 studies)

H15+ (59 studies)

Correlations

r

p

r

p

r

p

r

p

Year of publication

0.09

0.22

0.30

< 0.0005

−0.03

0.8

0.20

0.14

Number (ln transformed) of participants

−0.27

< 0.001

−0.26

< 0.001

−0.17

0.07

−0.33

0.01

Participating proportion (9 categories)

0.11

0.15

0.02

0.7

−0.11

0.2

−0.02

0.9

Age (mid-range value) (years)

−0.14

0.05

0.03

0.6

0.13

0.2

0.14

0.3

Summed quality score

0.03

0.7

−0.02

0.8

− 0.02

0.8

0.00

1.0

Means of reported prevalences (%)

Mean (SD, N)

 

Mean (SD, N)

p

Mean (SD, N)

p

Mean (SD, N)

p

Populationa

General/schools

51.9 (22.7, 142)

1.0

13.5 (8.4, 177)

0.2

26.5 (17.0, 85)

0.6

4.8 (3.1, 54)

0.2

Selected

52.2 (22.7, 41)

15.5 (11.1, 66)

24.4 (21.1, 25)

3.0 (2.1, 5)

Health-care personnelb

No

50.2 (25.4, 33)

0.3

13.4 (9.1, 52)

0.03

23.3 (22.9, 19)

0.7

3.0 (2.1, 5)

–

Yes

60.0 (22.9, 8)

23.0 (14.7, 15)

27.8 (15.2, 6)

–

Sampling methodc

Random

54.7 (23.2, 44)

0.4

12.8 (8.1, 184)

0.002

25.7 (18.6, 83)

0.8

4.5 (3.2, 51)

0.4

Not random

51.1 (23.1, 139)

18.0 (11.4, 60)

26.8 (16.0, 27)

5.5 (2.1, 8)

Mode of engagementd

Telephone/face-to face

50.8 (23.6, 95)

0.5

13.1 (8.8, 136)

0.07

26.3 (18.7, 66)

0.8

5.5 (3.5, 32)

0.02

Questionnaire

53.2 (22.6, 88)

15.3 (9.8, 108)

25.5 (17.0, 44)

3.6 (2.0, 27)

Validation of diagnostic methode

Yes

51.2 (24.3, 93)

0.7

14.3 (10.3, 107)

0.7

25.6 (18.0, 56)

0.8

4.6 (3.2, 41)

0.9

No

52.8 (22.1, 90)

13.8 (8.5, 137)

26.(18.0, 54)

4.7 (2.6, 18)

dMig and pMigf

Yes

55.4 (20.8, 46)

0.3

19.2 (9.9, 59)

< 0.001

27.6 (15.9, 41)

0.5

5.6 (3.9, 22)

0.1

No

50.8 (23.9, 137)

12.4 (8.5, 185)

25.0 (19.1, 69)

4.1 (2.2, 37)

dTTH and pTTHg

Yes

61.5 (17.8, 29)

0.02

20.0 (10.3, 32)

< 0.001

29.5 (13.7, 33)

0.2

6.2 (4.1, 18)

0.04

No

50.2 (23.7, 154)

13.1 (8.8, 212)

24.5 (19.4, 77)

3.9 (2.2,41)

Number of conditionsh

Only headaches

52.9 (23.0, 173)

0.02

14.3 (9.3, 235)

0.04

26.0 (18.0, 110)

–

4.6 (3.0, 59)

–

Including other conditions

35.2 (20.4, 10)

7.8 (5.6, 9)

–

 

Type of screening question

Neutral

61.8 (22.0, 58)

< 0.0005

17.1 (9.3, 65)

0.006

31.9 (22.5, 42)

0.02

5.0 (2.1, 24)

0.8

Unknown

50.8 (23.7, 71)

12.9 (10.0, 111)

23.0 (14.2, 41)

4.3 (2.4, 16)

Severity qualification

41.8 (19.1, 52)

12.7 (6.6, 66)

20.9 (12.1, 26)

4.4 (4.5, 18)

  1. TTH tension-type headache, H15+ headache on ≥15 days/month, r Pearson’s r, p two-tailed p-value (Pearson’s r, independent-samples Student’s t-test, or one-way ANOVA for screening question), SD standard deviation, N number of studies
  2. aGeneral population, community-based sample or obligatory schools versus selected populations (among workplace employees, college students, health-plan members etc)
  3. bAmong selected populations: medical students, hospital staff or neurologists versus other selected populations 
  4. cRandom sampling versus non-random sampling or failure to obtain random sample
  5. dTelephone or face-to face interview versus self-administered questionnaire or not specified
  6. eEffort at validating versus none or unstipulated
  7. fStudies distinguishing between dMig and pMig and reporting both versus those not
  8. gStudies distinguishing between dTTH and pTTH and reporting both versus those not
  9. hStudies restricted to headache (or migraine, TTH etc) versus studies investigating multiple other disorders (neurological, other pain conditions etc)
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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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