Table 3 Brain Barrier Permeability of Migraine-Inducing Substances
From: Brain barriers and their potential role in migraine pathophysiology
Substance | Size (Dalton) | Permeability | Migraine induction rate | MCA changes in rodents | MCA changes in humans | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro Changes after luminal administration in vascular models | In vitro Changes after luminal administration in vascular models | In vivo Assessed by ultrasound and SPECT | In vivo Assessed by MRA | ||||
CGRP | 3791.3 | Unknown | 57% [31] | No dilation [35] | Unknown | MCA velocity drop [36] rCBF no changes [36] | No changes [37] |
Adrenomedullin | 6028.8 | Unknown | 55% [38] | No dilation [35] | Unknown | MCA no changes [39] rCBF no changes [39] | Unknown |
Amylin | 3904.5 | 0.11–0.13% Inj/g brain | 41% [42] | Weak dilatory response [35] | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
PACAP27 | 3147.6 | 0.066% in brain parenchyma (rodents) [43] | 55% [44] | No dilation [45] | Unknown | Unknown | No changes [46] |
PACAP38 | 4534.3 | 0.053% in brain parenchyma (rodents) [43] | 58% [47] | No dilation [35] | MCA velocity drop [47] rCBF not measured [47] | No changes [49] | |
VIP | 3326.8 | None (rodents) [50] 0.15% Inj/g brain (rodents) [41] | 71% [32] | No dilation [35] | rCBF no changes [51] | No changes [53] | |
GTN | 227.09 | Yes | 80% [16] | Unknown | Unknown | MCA velocity drop [54] rCBF no changes [54] | |
Sildenafil | 474.6 | 0.028% Inj/g brain (rodents) [57] | 83% [58] | Unknown | MCA no changes [58] rCBF no changes [58] | Unknown | |
Cilostazol | 369.5 | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | MCA velocity drop [63] rCBF no changes [63] | Dilation [64] | |
Levcromakalim | 286.3 | Yes | 100% [65] | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Dilation [66] |
MaxiPost | 359.7 | Yes | 95% [67] | Unknown | Unknown | MCA velocity drop [68] rCBF not measured [68] | Unknown |