The relationship between headache-attributed disability and lost productivity: 2. Empirical evidence from population-based studies in nine disparate countries

Table 3 Lost productive time attributed to probable medication-overuse headache by country (values are population means ± SEM [median])

Country	Lost productive time (days/3 months per person)
	HALT question(s)¹
	1	2	1 + 2	3 + 4	1 + 2 + 3 + 4
Ethiopia	8.9 ± 4.2 [0.0]	8.6 ± 3.7 [0.0]	17.4 ± 6.4 [0.0]	16.9 ± 5.1 [3.0]	32.8 ± 7.3 [20.0]
India	2.9 ± 2.0 [0.0]	1.2 ± 0.8 [0.0]	4.1 ± 2.3 [0.0]	9.9 ± 2.2 [7.0]	14.0 ± 3.5 [8.0]
Lithuania + Luxembourg	1.9 ± 0.8 [0.0]	4.5 ± 1.0 [0.0]	6.1 ± 1.4 [0.0]	18.9 ± 2.8 [11.5]	22.4 ± 2.9 [15.5]
Nepal	4.6 ± 1.4 [0.0]	2.9 ± 0.9 [0.0]	7.5 ± 2.1 [0.0]	9.9 ± 1.8 [5.0]	16.9 ± 3.0 [13.0]
Pakistan	3.4 ± 0.6 [0.0]	3.6 ± 0.6 [0.0]	6.9 ± 1.1 [1.0]	17.5 ± 1.7 [12.0]	23.0 ± 2.0 [18.0]
Russia	1.4 ± 0.7 [0.0]	3.8 ± 0.9 [0.0]	5.3 ± 1.3 [0.0]	12.6 ± 1.3 [11.5]	17.9 ± 2.0 [15.0]
Spain	4.4 ± 2.1 [0.0]	10.0 ± 1.7 [8.5]	13.4 ± 2.5 [10.0]	24.9 ± 3.3 [20.0]	34.7 ± 3.8 [28.0]

HALT: Headache-Attributed Lost Time questionnaire. ¹ Questions 1 and 2 relate to work time (absenteeism and presenteeism respectively); questions 3 and 4 relate to household work (days with nothing or less than half of normal achieved) (see text).

ISSN: 1129-2377