Skip to main content

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical factors in EM patients with and without prior clinical care for migraine and healthy controls

From: Differences in gray matter volume in episodic migraine patients with and without prior diagnosis or clinical care: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Prior Medical Care /94 (80 %)

No Prior Medical Care/23 (20 %)

p value1,*

Healthy Controls/36

p value2,*

Sex

     

Male

9 (10)

5 (22)

0.15

4 (11)

0.23

Female

85 (90)

18 (78)

 

32 (89)

 

Age/mean±SD

38±12

31± 8

0.001

38±13

0.02

Race/n (%)3

     

Black

17 (18)

6 (26)

0.14

9 (25)

0.35

White

67 (72)

12 (52)

 

25 (69)

 

Other

9 (10)

5 (22)

 

2 (6)

 

Education/ n (%)

     

High School/Technical School

6 (6)

1 (4)

0.86

2 (6)

0.97

College

56 (60)

15 (65)

 

21 (58)

 

Graduate

32 (34)

7 (30)

 

13 (36)

 

Employment/n (%)

     

Full-time

62 (66)

10 (43)

0.16

 N/A

 

Part-time

13 (14)

5 (22)

   

Student

12 (13)

5 (22)

   

Homemaker

2 (2)

1 (4)

   

Retired

3 (3)

0

   

Unemployed

2 (2)

2 (9)

   

BMI/mean±SD

27±6

27±7

0.91

26±5

0.45

Headache Days

     

Headache frequency/28days median (range) 4

8 (3-17)

9 (3-16)

0.96

 N/A

 

Raw Headache 5 Days/ median (range)

8 (3-17)

8 (3-16)

0.92

 N/A

 

Headache intensity/0-10

5±1.54

4±1.47

0.20

 N/A

 

Headache severity

     

Mild

25 (27)

11 (48)

0.14

 N/A

 

Moderate

64 (68)

11 (48)

   

Severe

5 (5)

1 (4)

   

Duration of disease/years Median (range)

18 (1.5-50)

10 (1-24)

<0.001

  

Use of migraine/pain medications 6

     

Preventatives 7

23 (24)

N/A

   

Abortives

52 (55)

N/A

   

Over the Counter

63 (67)

14 (61)

N/A

  

None

9 (10)

9 (39)

   

Use of non-migraine medication 3 8

10 (12)

3 (14)

   

PSS/ Median (range)

11 (0-28)

12 (2-32)

0.69

  

GAD-7/Median (range)

1 (0-16)

1 (0-16)

0.64

  

PHQ-9/Median (range)

2 (0-20)

3 (0-10)

0.42

  

Additional Chronic Pain 3 9

     

Yes

27 (30)

6 (30)

1.0

  

No

63 (70)

14 (70)

   
  1. 1p value for the comparison of prior care and no prior care
  2. 2p value for the comparison across three groups: prior care, no prior care, healthy controls
  3. 3Variables with missing observations
  4. 4Headache days per 28 days are adjusted headache days
  5. 5Raw headache days do not account for incomplete diaries
  6. 6Numbers for the prior care group add up to more than 94 because patients took more than one type of medication. Of the 52 patients prescribed abortives: 12 patients took abortives only, 23 took abortives and over the counter (OTC) pain killers, 8 took abortives and preventatives and 9 patients took abortives, preventatives and OTC. Of the remaining patients, 27 took OTC only, 2 patients used preventatives only, 4 patients used preventatives and OTC and 9 patients stated they had been diagnosed with migraine but did not list any current medications
  7. 7Patients reported using the following preventative medications: Amitriptyline, Atenolol, Candesartan, Inderal, Lamictal XR, Neurontin, Nortriptyline, Norvasc, Propranolol ER, Topamax, Venlafaxine, Verapamil
  8. 8There were five patients taking medication for anxiety and 2 patients taking medication for IBS, depression, and hypertension. The followings diseases all had only one patient taking medication: ADD, bipolar, heart disease, Crohn’s disease, hypothyroid, ulcers and pituitary adenoma. Data was missing on 11 patients
  9. 9The following pain chronic pain conditions were included: fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pelvic pain, low back pain, neck pain, temporomandibular joint disorder
  10. *T test, Chi Square, Wilcoxon, Kruskal Wallis p value
  11. EM Episodic Migraine, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, PHQ-9 Patient Healthy Questionnaire-9
Back to article page

The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

Contact us