Fig. 2

Representative imaging and disease course of three patients with headache and AVM draining vein stenosis. (A) 51-year-old male presenting with new headaches and Spetzler-Martin grade 3 right frontal AVM with stenosis of the mid-portion of the dominant draining cortical vein (arrow). Patient underwent embolization and stereotactic radiosurgery. (B) 11-year-old female presenting for severe headaches (with emesis) and right facial droop. Angiogram reveals Spetzler-Martin grade 3 right basal ganglia AVM. She was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery and shortly thereafter suffered a hemorrhagic complication. The angiogram shows 50 % stenosis of the deep drain vein (arrow). Patient underwent another stereotactic radiosurgery after which she no longer experienced severe headaches. (C) 44-year-old female presenting with headache and confusion. Angiogram findings include Spetzler-Martin grade 2 right posterior temporal AVM with cortical venous stenosis just proximal to the cortical vein entering the superior sagittal sinus (arrow). Patient underwent successful embolization and surgical resection with only dull headaches noted after the procedure.