Table 1 Demographic and clinical data for all participants

Age, years

46.6 ± 10.3

38.0 ± 14.4

40.8 ± 9.7

0.078

Sex

3M^c, 14F^d

4 M, 14 F

11 M, 19 F

0.298

Headache history, years

22.8 ± 8.9

10.8 ± 6.9

 N/A^e

< 0.001

Medication-overuse duration, years

7.3 ± 6.4

 N/A

N/A

N/A

Headache location

Right; Left; Bilateral

2 (11.8 %); 2 (11.8 %); 13 (76.5 %)

2 (11.1 %); 7 (38.9 %); 9 (50 %)

N/A; N/A; N/A

N/A; N/A; N/A

VAS^f

8.4 ± 1.4

8.0 ± 1.4

 N/A

0.465

PHQ9

8.7 ± 6.7

2.4 ± 4.8

2.5 ± 2.2

< 0.05^h

GAD-7ⁱ

2.9 ± 3.9

1.6 ± 3.6

2.6 ± 2.1

0.729