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Table 5 Pooled comorbidity proportion by average age of participants

From: Comorbidities of primary headache disorders: a literature review with meta-analysis

Associated condition category

Associated condition

Average age ≤ 40.3 (65 studies)

Average age ≥ 40.4 (66 studies)

Heterogeneity between groups

Cancers

Any cancer

2 % (2–3 %)

2 % (0–5 %)

p = .077

Cardiovascular diseases

Ischemic heart disease

6 % (3–9 %)

6 % (3–10 %)

p = .908

Stroke/Cerebrovascular

3 % (2–5 %)

4 % (1–8 %)

p = .591

Hypertension

13 % (9–17 %)

30 % (27–32 %)

p < .001

Atrial fibrillation and flutter

2 % (1–3 %)

1 % (0–3 %)

p = .813

Digestive diseases

Upper digestive system diseases

14 % (6–24 %)

3 % (1–7 %)

p = .010

Irritable bowel syndrome

6 % (4–8 %)

19 % (13–28 %)

p < .001

Metabolic and kidney diseases

Diabetes mellitus

5 % (4–7 %)

6 % (4–8 %)

p = .709

Chronic kidney disease

0 % (0–0 %)

5 % (1–11 %)

p = .007

Obesity

21 % (15–29 %)

19 % (14–26 %)

p = .681

Hyperlipidemia

10 % (3–20 %)

15 % (9–21 %)

p = .359

Hypercholesterolemia

9 % (2–22 %)

38 % (30–36 %)

p < .001

Thyroid diseases

13 % (4–24 %)

12 % (2–26 %)

p = .937

Musculoskeletal disorders

Arthritis

14 % (12–15 %)

10 % (6–16 %)

p = .470

Back pain

67 % (60–74 %)

41 % (5–84 %)

p = .259

Fibromyalgia

29 % (20–38 %)

13 % (0–48 %)

p = .382

Neurological disorders

Parkinson disease

–

1 % (1–2 %)

–

Idiopathic epilepsy

2 %  (1–4 %)

2 % (1–3 %)

p = .852

Sleep disorder

60 % (40–79 %)

34 % (28–39 %)

p = .013

Restless leg syndrome

32 % (19–46 %)

11 % (6–19 %)

p = .005

Mental health disorders

Depressive disorders

31 % (22–41)

19 % (15–22 %)

p = .011

Bipolar disorder

1 % (1–2 %)

6 % (0–18 %)

p = .132

Anxiety disorders

25 % (18–34 %)

24 % (21–28 %)

p = .841

Post-traumatic stress disorder

12 % (10–14 %)

14 % (1–36 %)

p = .809

Respiratory diseases

Asthma

4 % (2–7 %)

9 % (4–14 %)

p = .056

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2 % (1–3 %)

12 % (12–13 %)

p < .001

Sense organ disease

Any sense organ diseases

49 % (38–60 %)

29 % (5–62 %)

p = .266

Skin and subcutaneous disease

Any skin and subcutaneous disease

–

5 % (3–7 %)

–

Substance use disorders

Any substance use disorder

2 % (0–5 %)

8 (1–22 %)

p = .164

Other NCDs

Oral disorders

66 % (57–74 %)

71 % (0-100 %)

p = .931

Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias

–

1 % (1–2 %)

–

Other disorders (Congenital birth defects & Gynecological diseases)

58 % (48–68 %)

6 % (4–9 %)

p < .001

Allergies

32 % (30–34 %)

19 % (7–34 %)

p = .085