Table 4 Pooled comorbidity proportion by female percentage within studies

Cancers

Any cancer

2 % (2–5 %)

2 % (2–3 %)

p = .077

Cardiovascular diseases

Ischemic heart disease

5 % (1–10 %)

8 % (5–12 %)

p = .261

Stroke/Cerebrovascular

3 % (2–4 %)

5 % (2–10 %)

p = .447

Hypertension

18 % (15–21 %)

29 % (24–34 %)

p < .001

Atrial fibrillation and flutter

1 % (1–1 %)

2 % (0–6 %)

p = .193

Digestive diseases

Upper digestive system diseases

12 % (5–22 %)

6 % (5–8 %)

p = .111

Irritable bowel syndrome

7 % (4–9 %)

11 % (7–18 %)

p = .090

Metabolic and kidney diseases

Diabetes mellitus

5 % (3–8 %)

7 % (5–9 %)

p = .650

Chronic kidney disease

–

3 % (0–10 %)

–

Obesity

21 % (18–24 %)

21 % (12–32 %)

p = .924

Hyperlipidemia

12 % (7–19 %)

17 % (8–29 %)

p = .419

Hypercholesterolemia

22 % (8–41 %)

28 % (12–48 %)

p = .659

Thyroid diseases

13 % (2–31 %)

11 % (7–16 %)

p = .638

Musculoskeletal disorders

Arthritis

11 % (0–30 %)

15 % (10–21 %)

p = .772

Back pain

39 % (4–83 %)

66 % (65–67 %)

p = .234

Fibromyalgia

31 % (25–36 %)

2 % (2–2 %)

p < .001

Neurological disorders

Parkinson disease

–

1 % (1–2 %)

–

Idiopathic epilepsy

1 % (1–1 %)

2 % (1–3 %)

p = .112

Sleep disorder

48 % (27–69 %)

47 % (41–53 %)

p = .950

Restless leg syndrome

35 % (24–48 %)

9 % (4–16 %)

p < .001

Mental health disorders

Depressive disorders

29 % (23–36 %)

19 % (16–21 %)

p = .001

Bipolar disorder

1 % (1–1 %)

7 % (0–21 %)

p = .147

Anxiety disorders

32 % (24–40 %)

20 % (22–28 %)

p = .004

Post-traumatic stress disorder

17 % (3–40 %)

10 % (8–13 %)

p = .491

Respiratory diseases

Asthma

2 % (2–3 %)

8 % (4–12 %)

p = .002

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2 (2–3 %)

7 % (0–22 %)

p = .342

Sense organ disease

Any sense organ diseases

7 % (4–10 %)

51 % (37–64 %)

p < .001

Skin and subcutaneous disease

Any skin and subcutaneous disease

1 % (0–3 %)

7 % (7–7 %)

p < .001

Substance use disorders

Any substance use disorder

7 % (0–27 %)

4 % (2–5 %)

p = .622

Other NCDs

Oral disorders

66 % (17–100 %)

69 % (53–82 %)

p = .898

Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias

0 % (0–2 %)

3 % (3–3 %)

p = .300

Other disorders (Congenital birth defects & Gynecological diseases)

33 % (0–85 %)

15 % (10–21 %)

p = .430

Allergies

12 % (6–20 %)

29 % (15–45 %)

p = .043