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Table 3 Pooled comorbidity proportion by study type

From: Comorbidities of primary headache disorders: a literature review with meta-analysis

Associated condition category

Associated condition

Population studies (52 studies)

Clinical studies (87 studies)

Heterogeneity between Groups

Cancers

Any cancer

3 % (3–3 %)

2 % (0–5 %)

p = .131

Cardiovascular diseases

Ischemic heart disease

8 % (5–11 %)

5 % (2–10 %)

p = .293

Stroke/Cerebrovascular

4 % (3–7 %)

6 % (3–9 %)

p = .241

Hypertension

26 % (24–29 %)

19 % (14–26 %)

p = .061

Atrial fibrillation and flutter

1 % (0–2 %)

2 % (0–9 %)

p = .479

Digestive diseases

Upper digestive system diseases

17 % (16–18 %)

8 % (2–18 %)

p = .086

Irritable bowel syndrome

–

19 % (1–53 %)

–

Metabolic and kidney diseases

Diabetes mellitus

6 % (4–7 %)

7 % (3–12 %)

p = .281

Chronic kidney disease

4 % (0–13 %)

0 % (0–1 %)

p = .097

Obesity

18 % (13–24 %) 

25 % (16–35 %)

p = .203

Hyperlipidemia

17 % (8–29 %)

13 % (9–19 %)

p = .543

Hypercholesterolemia

29 % (13–49 %)

15 % (9–22 %)

p = .137

Thyroid diseases

3 % (3–3 %)

16 % (7–27 %)

p < .001

Musculoskeletal disorders

Arthritis

19 % (15–23 %)

6 % (0–15 %)

p = .028

Back pain

54 % (53–55 %)

48 % (11–86 %)

p = .774

Fibromyalgia

1 % (1–1 %)

31 % (20–44 %)

p < .001

Neurological disorders

Parkinson disease

1 % (1–2 %)

–

–

Idiopathic epilepsy

2 % (1–2 %)

2 % (2–3 %)

p = .199

Sleep disorder

33 % (25–41 %)

56 % (46–66 %)

p = .001

Restless leg syndrome

6 % (2–13 %)

28 % (20–38 %)

p < .001

Mental health disorders

Depressive disorders

15 % (11–19 %)

31 % (24–38 %)

p = .000

Bipolar disorder

5 % (0–17 %)

3 % (2–5 %)

p = .799

Anxiety disorders

18 % (16–21 %)

30 % (23–39 %)

p = .003

Post-traumatic stress disorder

2 % (2–2 %)

21 % (16–26 %)

p < .001

Respiratory diseases

Asthma

9 % (3–16 %)

7 % (0–27 %)

p = .839

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

6 % (0–21 %)

3 % (2–4 %)

p = .489

Sense organ disease

Any sense organ diseases

–

26 % (10–47 %)

–

Skin and subcutaneous disease

Any skin and subcutaneous disease

7 % (7–7 %)

1 % (0–3 %)

p < .001

Substance use disorders

Any substance use disorder

5 % (0–18 %)

7 % (4–10 %)

p = .665

Other NCDs

Oral disorders

–

67 % (40–89 %)

–

Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias

3 % (3–3 %)

0 % (0–2 %)

p = .300

Other disorders (Congenital birth defects & Gynecological diseases)

15 % (10–21 %)

33 % (0–85 %)

p = .430

Allergies

33 % (17–51 %)

12 % (8–17 %)

p = .012