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Table 4 Comparison of cytokines and interleukins by ANCOVA test, adjusting for age sex, baseline disability and COVID-19 severity

From: Cytokine and interleukin profile in patients with headache and COVID-19: A pilot, CASE-control, study on 104 patients

Variable

Entire study sample (n = 104)

Headache patients (n = 29)

Non-headache patients (n = 75)

P value

BDNF

159.9 (230.1)

167.6 (242.6)

156.8 (226.7)

0.912

EGF

8.6 (18.4)

7.6 (10.2)

8.9 (20.7)

0.766

Eotaxin

16.2 (9.4)

15.6 (10.0)

16.5 (9.2)

0.878

FGF2

2.7 (6.6)

3.1 (5.6)

2.5 (6.9)

0.799

GMCSF

25.1 (33.3)

27.4 (29.1)

24.2 (34.9)

0.476

GROa

4.4 (4.5)

4.9 (3.3)

4.2 (4.9)

0.218

HGF

348.5 (622.3)

237.2 (273.3)

392.1 (711.1)

0.374

IFNa

2.36 (6.4)

2.1 (4.5)

2.5 (7.0)

0.952

IFNg

11.4 (9.4)

12.8 (9.7)

10.8 (9.3)

0.246

IL1a

64.2 (287.0)

130.9 (440.1)

38.1 (195.9)

0.238

IL1b

9.7 (10.2)

10.3 (8.0)

9.5 (10.9)

0.627

IL10

2.5 (2.1)

3.3 (2.7)

2.2 (1.8)

0.042

IL12p70

3.9 (2.3)

4.4 (2.0)

3.8 (2.4)

0.319

IL13

4.5 (7.9)

4.3 (4.7)

4.6 (8.8)

0.680

IL15

18.9 (18.5)

18.3 (12.0)

19.1 (20.6)

0.940

IL17a

12.9 (15.4)

13.3 (10.5)

12.7 (17.0)

0.823

IL18

61.9 (60.5)

64.6 (69.5)

60.9 (57.0)

0.455

IL1RA

1401.4 (3269.6)

2066.2 (4889.3)

1140.8 (2350.3)

0.146

IL2

18.3 (14.8)

19.3 (14.8)

17.9 (14.9)

0.551

IL21

219.0 (1819.0)

726.5 (3416.2)

20.1 (68.0)

0.111

IL22

1044.7 (9286.5)

3580.6 (17,458.7)

51.0 (175.8)

0.210

IL23

9.5 (9.6)

11.9 (10.8)

8.6 (8.9)

0.082

IL27

84.3 (210.0)

66.6 (98.5)

91.2 (240.3)

0.963

IL31

7.5 (9.8)

8.5 (7.3)

7.1 (10.7)

0.338

IL4

8.2 (8.6)

8.3 (6.0)

8.1 (9.4)

0.741

IL5

31.3 (91.2)

26.3 (43.0)

33.3 (104.4)

0.765

IL6

23.7 (40.7)

24.8 (24.4)

23.3 (45.7)

0.839

IL7

2.5 (2.5)

2.2 (1.8)

2.7 (2.7)

0.589

IL8

4.7 (9.2)

5.5 (13.9)

4.4 (6.7)

0.825

IL9

2.7 (2.2)

3.3 (2.2)

2.5 (2.1)

0.356

IP1b

91.3 (194.8)

147.9 (330.6)

69.2 (96.4)

0.116

IP10

60.9 (61.6)

56.6 (37.5)

62.6 (69.0)

0.877

LIF

20.2 (18.4)

19.6 (13.1)

20.4 (20.2)

0.935

MCP1

53.9 (71.8)

44.1 (35.6)

57.8 (81.7)

0.494

MIP1a

12.1 (28.2)

12.7 (23.9)

11.8 (29.9)

0.725

NGFb

4.6 (3.5)

4.6 (1.7)

4.6 (4.0)

0.873

PDGFBB

754.2 (1228.7)

763.1 (1352.3)

750.7 (1186.5)

0.778

PIGF1

536.1 (3583.6)

1621.8 (6694.7)

110.6 (317.9)

0.071

RANTES

21.2 (92.7)

38.7 (71.1)

43.5 (100.4)

0.849

SCF

8.7 (8.3)

7.1 (4.6)

9.3 (9.3)

0.676

SDF1a

35,867.8 (277,576.6)

95,765.4 (507,463.6)

12,394.4 (83,059.0)

0.093

TNFa

12.1 (15.5)

11.4 (10.6)

12.4 (17.1)

0.981

TNFb

3.8 (2.6)

4.6 (2.6)

3.5 (2.5)

0.278

VEGFA

604.6 (2735.0)

1394.5 (5059.8)

295.2 (535.9)

0.101

VEGFD

16.2 (17.3)

12.9 (8.2)

17.5 (19.7)

0.600