Table 4 Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis to identify independent variables decreasing headache intensity per month

Sex, male

1.08 (0.41–2.84)

0.879

–

–

Age, year

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

0.965

–

–

Marital status, married

0.33 (0.05–2.09)

0.237

–

–

Education level (>  12 years)

3.16 (0.96–10.34)

0.058

5.98 (1.19–30.06)

0.030^*

Preexisting headache diagnoses (CTTH vs. others)

1.06 (0.41–2.70)

0.912

2.05 (0.49–8.50)

0.323

Duration of medication overuse

0.87 (0.75–1.00)

0.051

0.90 (0.76–1.06)

0.192

Available access to regular prophylactic medication

5.29 (1.93–14.50)

0.001^*

10.13 (2.33–44.12)

0.002^*

Following abrupt withdrawal

4.38 (1.62–11.83)

0.004^*

5.12 (1.27–20.54)

0.021^*

Headache intensity per month in the pre-pandemic 3 months period

1.11 (0.90–1.37)

0.314

1.12 (0.84–1.50)

0.449

History of epidemiological area exposure

–

0.999

–

–

Suspected COVID-19 cases themselves or in their relatives

–

1.000

–

–

COVID-19 cases in respondent’s residential community

0.52 (0.03–8.66)

0.649

–

–

Level of concern about COVID-19 pandemic

2.08 (0.81–5.37)

0.131

–

–

Duration spent on following news of pandemic, hours per day

1.50 (0.86–2.63)

0.154

–

–

Feel of difficulty in controlling emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic

0.94 (0.16–5.49)

0.945

–

–

Stressors total score during the COVID-19 pandemic

1.02 (0.97–1.07)

0.393

–

–

Fear for getting COVID-19

1.01 (0.87–1.17)

0.913

–

–

Physical and psychological distress caused by isolation

0.99 (0.77–1.28)

0.965

0.78 (0.54–1.12)

0.175

Inconvenience caused by work and life changes

1.12 (0.94–1.33)

0.198

1.32 (1.00–1.73)

0.051

Social discrimination

1.14 (0.54–2.41)

0.727

–

–

Limited social function

1.03 (0.92–1.15)

0.584

–

–

Economic losses

1.10 (0.91–1.32)

0.332

–

–

Coronavirus death of family members or friends

–

1.000

–

–

Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale during the COVID-19 pandemic

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

0.672

–

–