Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis to identify independent variables reducing headache days (≥ 50%)

Sex, male

2.1 (0.69–6.41)

0.192

–

–

Age, year

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

0.329

–

–

Marital status, married

1.03 (0.11–9.95)

0.997

–

–

Education level (>  12 years)

1.07 (0.26–4.40)

0.925

–

–

Household income monthly

1.14 (0.38–3.42)

0.818

–

–

Preexisting headache diagnoses (CTTH vs. others)

0.73 (0.24–2.25)

0.582

0.50 (0.09–2.82)

0.434

Duration of medication overuse

0.90 (0.76–1.05)

0.182

–

–

Available access to regular prophylactic medication

39.71 (4.86–324.16)

0.001^*

39.19 (3.75–409.15)

0.002^*

Following abrupt withdrawal

5.46 (1.57–18.95)

0.008^*

3.47 (0.65–18.59)

0.147

Headache days per month in the pre-pandemic 3 months period

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

0.953

1.06 (0.91–1.22)

0.469

Days per month with acute medication in the pre-pandemic 3 months period

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

0.448

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

0.532

History of epidemiological area exposure

0.25 (0.02–4.16)

0.331

–

–

Suspected COVID-19 cases themselves or in their relatives

–

1.000

–

–

COVID-19 cases in respondent’s residential community

0.25 (0.02–4.16)

0.331

–

–

Level of concern about COVID-19 pandemic

1.56 (0.52–4.72)

0.430

–

–

Duration spent on following news of pandemic

1.65 (0.91–2.98)

0.099

1.23 (0.65–2.32)

0.527

Feel of difficulty in controlling emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic

2.07 (0.34–12.49)

0.426

–

–

Stressors total score during the COVID-19 pandemic

1.02 (0.97–1.08)

0.409

–

–

Fear for getting COVID-19

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

0.680

–

–

Physical and psychological distress caused by isolation

1.13 (0.86–1.47)

0.390

1.08 (0.69–1.70)

0.731

Inconvenience caused by work and life changes

1.02 (0.83–1.25)

0.870

1.18 (0.83–1.68)

0.355

Social discrimination

–

0.999

–

–

Limited social function

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

0.305

–

–

Economic losses

1.17 (0.95–1.45)

0.144

–

–

Coronavirus death of family members or friends

–

1.000

–

–

Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale during the COVID-19 pandemic

0.89 (0.69–1.15)

0.356

–

–