Table 2 List of diagnosis clusters from Fig. 2 sorted by their presence in migraine patients (2.5–20% prevalence) and compared to controls. Fold change column shows the prevalence in migraineurs divided by the prevalence in controls. All fold changes are greater than 1 indicating that migraine is associated with higher multimorbidity compared to controls. Due to high sample size, the difference in prevalence between migraineurs and controls is statistically significant (p < 0.001) for each diagnosis
Code | Migraine cluster | Control cluster | Name | M (%) | C (%) | Fold change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A08 | M1 | N/A | Viral and other specified intestinal infections | 4.10 | 1.80 | 2.28 |
E03 | M1 | C4 | Other hypothyroidism | 5.20 | 3.30 | 1.58 |
F32 | M1 | C4 | Depressive episode | 13.00 | 7.10 | 1.83 |
F33 | M1 | N/A | Recurrent depressive disorder | 4.80 | 2.50 | 1.92 |
F41 | M1 | C4 | Other anxiety disorders | 14.10 | 7.90 | 1.78 |
F43 | M1 | C4 | Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders | 17.40 | 9.90 | 1.76 |
F51 | M1 | C4 | Nonorganic sleep disorders | 17.40 | 8.80 | 1.98 |
G44 | M1 | C4 | Other headache syndromes | 19.50 | 5.90 | 3.31 |
G47 | M1 | N/A | Sleep disorders | 4.60 | 2.40 | 1.92 |
H04 | M1 | C1 | Disorders of lacrimal system | 4.10 | 2.50 | 1.64 |
H10 | M1 | C1 | Conjunctivitis | 16.20 | 11.00 | 1.47 |
H81 | M1 | N/A | Disorders of vestibular function | 4.50 | 2.30 | 1.96 |
I49 | M1 | C1 | Other cardiac arrhythmias | 6.60 | 3.90 | 1.69 |
I84 | M1 | C1 | Haemorrhoids | 5.30 | 3.20 | 1.66 |
J00 | M1 | C1 | Acute nasopharyngitis [common cold] | 6.00 | 3.60 | 1.67 |
J02 | M1 | C1 | Acute pharyngitis | 15.50 | 9.40 | 1.65 |
J03 | M1 | C1 | Acute tonsillitis | 9.90 | 6.50 | 1.52 |
J04 | M1 | C1 | Acute laryngitis and tracheitis | 10.20 | 5.90 | 1.73 |
J11 | M1 | C1 | Influenza, virus not identified | 6.10 | 3.70 | 1.65 |
J22 | M1 | C2 | Unspecified acute lower respiratory infection | 4.50 | 2.60 | 1.73 |
J30 | M1 | C1 | Vasomotor and allergic rhinitis | 10.80 | 6.50 | 1.66 |
J31 | M1 | C1 | Chronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis | 5.00 | 2.90 | 1.72 |
J45 | M1 | C1 | Asthma | 8.40 | 5.40 | 1.56 |
K21 | M1 | C1 | Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 7.10 | 4.00 | 1.78 |
K29 | M1 | N/A | Gastritis and duodenitis | 3.60 | 1.80 | 2.00 |
K30 | M1 | C1 | Dyspepsia | 6.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 |
K58 | M1 | C1 | Irritable bowel syndrome | 4.80 | 2.50 | 1.92 |
K59 | M1 | N/A | Other functional intestinal disorders | 3.60 | 1.90 | 1.89 |
L03 | M1 | C2 | Cellulitis | 4.60 | 2.70 | 1.70 |
R00 | M1 | N/A | Abnormalities of heart beat | 3.30 | 1.80 | 1.83 |
R05 | M1 | C1 | Cough | 8.90 | 5.90 | 1.51 |
R06 | M1 | C1 | Abnormalities of breathing | 6.30 | 3.80 | 1.66 |
R07 | M1 | C1 | Pain in throat and chest | 11.20 | 6.50 | 1.72 |
R11 | M1 | N/A | Nausea and vomiting | 3.90 | 1.60 | 2.44 |
R42 | M1 | C4 | Dizziness and giddiness | 7.10 | 3.40 | 2.09 |
R50 | M1 | N/A | Fever of other and unknown origin | 4.90 | 2.70 | 1.81 |
R51 | M1 | C4 | Headache | 18.10 | 4.10 | 4.41 |
R52 | M1 | N/A | Pain, not elsewhere classified | 3.20 | 1.70 | 1.88 |
R53 | M1 | C4 | Malaise and fatigue | 12.20 | 6.70 | 1.82 |
S13 | M1 | N/A | Dislocation, sprain and strain of joints and ligaments at neck level | 2.60 | 1.30 | 2.00 |
T78 | M1 | N/A | Adverse effects, not elsewhere classified | 3.20 | 1.80 | 1.78 |
Z01 | M1 | C1 | Other special examinations and investigations of persons without complaint or reported diagnosis | 19.80 | 14.10 | 1.40 |
Z03 | M1 | C1 | Medical observation and evaluation for suspected diseases and conditions | 6.20 | 3.60 | 1.72 |
Z71 | M1 | C1 | Persons encountering health services for other counselling and medical advice, not elsewhere classified | 15.60 | 10.00 | 1.56 |
Z73 | M1 | N/A | Problems related to life-management difficulty | 3.20 | 1.50 | 2.13 |
E78 | M2 | C2 | Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidaemias | 4.40 | 3.20 | 1.38 |
G56 | M2 | C2 | Mononeuropathies of upper limb | 4.50 | 2.90 | 1.55 |
I10 | M2 | C2 | Essential (primary) hypertension | 11.30 | 8.70 | 1.30 |
J18 | M2 | N/A | Pneumonia, organism unspecified | 3.20 | 2.50 | 1.28 |
M19 | M2 | N/A | Other arthrosis | 2.50 | 1.80 | 1.39 |
M25 | M2 | C2 | Other joint disorders | 19.60 | 12.80 | 1.53 |
M51 | M2 | C2 | Other intervertebral disc disorders | 6.70 | 4.10 | 1.63 |
M62 | M2 | N/A | Other disorders of muscle | 3.50 | 1.80 | 1.94 |
M65 | M2 | C2 | Synovitis and tenosynovitis | 7.00 | 4.60 | 1.52 |
M67 | M2 | N/A | Other disorders of synovium and tendon | 3.20 | 2.10 | 1.52 |
M70 | M2 | C2 | Soft tissue disorders related to use, overuse and pressure | 8.00 | 4.90 | 1.63 |
M72 | M2 | C2 | Fibroblastic disorders | 5.40 | 3.60 | 1.50 |
M75 | M2 | C2 | Shoulder lesions | 19.90 | 13.30 | 1.50 |
M76 | M2 | C2 | Enthesopathies of lower limb, excluding foot | 4.70 | 3.10 | 1.52 |
M77 | M2 | C2 | Other enthesopathies | 15.30 | 9.90 | 1.55 |
N95 | M2 | C1 | Menopausal and other perimenopausal disorders | 7.90 | 5.20 | 1.52 |
S43 | M2 | N/A | Dislocation, sprain and strain of joints and ligaments of shoulder girdle | 3.40 | 2.10 | 1.62 |
Z10 | M2 | C1 | Routine general health check-up of defined subpopulation | 10.60 | 8.90 | 1.19 |
M17 | M3 | C2 | Gonarthrosis [arthrosis of knee] | 4.50 | 3.50 | 1.29 |
M23 | M3 | C2 | Internal derangement of knee | 7.10 | 4.80 | 1.48 |
S60 | M3 | C3 | Superficial injury of wrist and hand | 5.40 | 3.10 | 1.74 |
S61 | M3 | N/A | Open wound of wrist and hand | 4.00 | 2.90 | 1.38 |
S63 | M3 | C3 | Dislocation, sprain and strain of joints and ligaments at wrist and hand level | 5.20 | 3.40 | 1.53 |
S80 | M3 | C2 | Superficial injury of lower leg | 4.50 | 3.00 | 1.50 |
S83 | M3 | C2 | Dislocation, sprain and strain of joints and ligaments of knee | 6.20 | 4.50 | 1.38 |
S90 | M3 | N/A | Superficial injury of ankle and foot | 4.00 | 2.30 | 1.74 |
S93 | M3 | C2 | Dislocation, sprain and strain of joints and ligaments at ankle and foot level | 8.60 | 5.60 | 1.54 |
H60 | M4 | C1 | Otitis externa | 6.90 | 4.50 | 1.53 |
H65 | M4 | N/A | Nonsuppurative otitis media | 3.40 | 2.10 | 1.62 |
H66 | M4 | C1 | Suppurative and unspecified otitis media | 8.80 | 5.90 | 1.49 |
H92 | M4 | N/A | Otalgia and effusion of ear | 3.10 | 1.80 | 1.72 |
D22 | M5 | C5 | Melanocytic naevi | 9.90 | 7.10 | 1.39 |
D23 | M5 | C5 | Other benign neoplasms of skin | 4.40 | 3.20 | 1.38 |
H52 | M5 | C1 | Disorders of refraction and accommodation | 6.90 | 4.00 | 1.73 |
H53 | M5 | N/A | Visual disturbances | 4.20 | 1.40 | 3.00 |
L82 | M5 | C5 | Seborrhoeic keratosis | 3.90 | 2.60 | 1.50 |
R23 | M5 | N/A | Other skin changes | 2.80 | 1.70 | 1.65 |
B35 | M6 | C6 | Dermatophytosis | 4.20 | 3.20 | 1.31 |
L02 | M6 | C2 | Cutaneous abscess, furuncle and carbuncle | 4.80 | 3.10 | 1.55 |
L08 | M6 | N/A | Other local infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.50 |
L20 | M6 | C6 | Atopic dermatitis | 5.80 | 4.20 | 1.38 |
L30 | M6 | C6 | Other dermatitis | 8.90 | 6.50 | 1.37 |
L50 | M6 | N/A | Urticaria | 3.50 | 2.30 | 1.52 |
R22 | M6 | C5 | Localized swelling, mass and lump of skin and subcutaneous tissue | 5.90 | 4.00 | 1.48 |
L70 | M7 | N/A | Acne | 4.10 | 2.40 | 1.71 |
L71 | M7 | N/A | Rosacea | 3.00 | 1.60 | 1.88 |
H00 | M8 | N/A | Hordeolum and chalazion | 3.30 | 2.00 | 1.65 |
H01 | M8 | C6 | Other inflammation of eyelid | 4.10 | 2.50 | 1.64 |
N30 | M9 | C4 | Cystitis | 13.50 | 9.00 | 1.50 |
N39 | M9 | C4 | Other diseases of urinary system | 6.70 | 4.40 | 1.52 |
N64 | M9 | N/A | Other disorders of breast | 2.50 | 1.60 | 1.56 |
N76 | M9 | C4 | Other inflammation of vagina and vulva | 5.70 | 3.90 | 1.46 |
N92 | M9 | C4 | Excessive, frequent and irregular menstruation | 9.20 | 6.90 | 1.33 |
N94 | M9 | N/A | Pain and other conditions associated with female genital organs and menstrual cycle | 3.10 | 1.60 | 1.94 |
Z00 | M9 | C4 | General examination and investigation of persons without complaint and reported diagnosis | 8.60 | 5.30 | 1.62 |
Z30 | M9 | C4 | Contraceptive management | 6.40 | 5.10 | 1.25 |