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Table 2 Means and SE’s of primary outcome variables across time for the PPTH and no-PPTH group

From: The role of deficient pain modulatory systems in the development of persistent post-traumatic headaches following mild traumatic brain injury: an exploratory longitudinal study

Variable

1–2 weeks post injury

1-month post injury

4 months post-injury

Headache Variables

 HA-Intensity (0–10 scale)**

 No-PPTH

4.2 ± 0.5

2.2 ± 0.5

0.0 ± 0.0

 PPTH

7.0 ± 0.5

6.1 ± 0.5

6.3 ± 0.4

Measures of Pain Modulatory Function

 TS Hand

 No-PPTH

15.6 ± 3.4

15.8 ± 3.8

12.4 ± 4.1

 PPTH

10.0 ± 3.4

13.8 ± 3.8

13.3 ± 4.1

 TS Forehead

 No-PPTH

16.1 ± 3.8

18.5 ± 3.6

16.6 ± 4.3

 PPTH

14.7 ± 3.8

15.5 ± 3.6

17.7 ± 4.3

 PPT-Head

 No-PPTH

236.2 ± 26.1

246.4 ± 25.5

242.1 ± 23.8

 PPTH

199.7 ± 25.4

232.3 ± 24.8

226.2 ± 23.1

 CPM Score, %*

 No-PPTH

33.6 ± 6.8

28.2 ± 4.4

26.7 ± 6.5

 PPTH

5.6 ± 6.8

11.1 ± 4.4

18.9 ± 6.5

Psychological Variables

 Pain Catastrophizing Scale Score*

 No-PPTH

15.3 ± 2.3

9.9 ± 2.4

7.0 ± 2.3

 PPTH

24.6 ± 2.3

20.1 ± 2.4

17.7 ± 2.3

 CES-Depression scores*

 No-PPTH

19.0 ± 2.7

11.7 ± 2.0

9.5 ± 2.4

 PPTH

24.1 ± 2.7

18.9 ± 2.0

19.2 ± 2.4

  1. **significant Time by Group interaction, *significant Group main effect; SE Standard error, PPTH persistent posttraumatic headache, HA headache, TS temporal summation, PPT Pressure pain threshold, PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, CPM conditioned pain modulation