Type of stimulation | Target | Brand name™ | Manufacturer | Practical use A = Acute P = prophylactic | FDA cleared | CE mark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Remote electrical nerve (REN) stimulation inducing conditioned pain modulation | Arm | Nerivio Migraâ„¢ | Theranica | A | + | + |
Invasive electrical stimulation | Great occipital nerve | Quad/Synergy™a Genesis/Eon Mini™b | Medtronic St. Jude Medical-Abbott | P | – | – |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | Supra-orbital nerve | Cefalyâ„¢ | Cefaly technology | P | + | + |
High frequency repetitive TMS | Primary motor cortex (M1) | More than 4 | More than 4 | P | + | + |
Percutaneous electric nerve stimulation (PENS) | Shaoyang or Taiyang acupoints | More than 4 | More than 4 | P | + | + |
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation | Cervical vagus nerve | GammaCoreâ„¢ NEMOS/ VITOSâ„¢ | ElectroCore tVNS Technologies GmbH | A and P | + | + |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | Supra-orbital nerve or occipital nerve | Cefalyâ„¢ Headatermâ„¢ Relivionâ„¢ + Non-specific TENS devices | Cefaly technology WAT medical Neurolief | A and P | + | + |
Single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | Occipital cortex | SpringTMSâ„¢ | eNeura | A | + | + |
High frequency repetitive TMS | Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and vertex | More than 4 | More than 4 | P | + | + |
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) | M1, visual cortex, frontal cortex | More than 4 | More than 4 | P | + | + |