Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with effect of inflammation on structural changes of default mode network in those developing chronic pain

Table 3 Regions showing significant GM volume changes at initial and follow-up among different subgroups of mTBI patients and HCs

Comparisons	Findings	Cerebral regions	Area (Brodmann area)	Cluster size	t	Peak coordinate
Comparisons	Findings	Cerebral regions	Area (Brodmann area)	Voxels	t	x	y	z
Initial GM volume abnormalities (acute phase)
mTBI + APTH vs Control groups^a	Increased GM volume	L, R Parahippocampal gyrus	Parahippocampal (BA 35)	54	4.38	20	−20	−2
		R Anterior cingulate	dACC (BA 32)	105	4.68	11	15	0
		R Posterior cingulate	dPCC (BA 31)	47	4.07	6	−24	45
		R Inferior frontal gyrus	VLPFC/OFC (BA 47, 10)	39	4.50	26	27	48
Follow-up GM volume abnormalities (chronic phase)
mTBI + CPTH vs Control groups^b	Increased GM volume	L Anterior cingulate	dACC (BA 32)	64	4.54	− 11	12	41
		L Posterior cingulate	dPCC (BA 31)	78	4.47	−11	− 29	36
		L Precentral gyrus	M1 (BA 4)	53	4.20	−18	−32	69
		L Temporal gyrus	ITG (BA 20)	66	4.67	−59	−48	−15
		L Cerebellar declive	–	65	5.14	−45	−59	−27
mTBI + CPTH vs Control groups^c	Decreased GM volume	R Inferior frontal gyrus	DLPFC/OFC (BA9,10)	53	4.92	9	59	33

Data were thresholded of P < 0.05 with FWE correction at the cluster level for multiple comparison. Peak coordinates refer to the MNI atlas
dACC dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dPCC dorsal posterior cingulate cortex, VLPFC Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, OFC Orbitofrontal cortex. M1 primary motor cortex, ITG Inferior temporal gyrus, DLPFC Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, mTBI + APTH Mild traumatic brain injury and acute post-traumatic headache, mTBI – APTH Mild traumatic brain injury without acute post-traumatic headache, HCs Healthy controls. mTBI + CPTH mild traumatic brain injury and chronic post-traumatic headache, mTBI – CPTH mild traumatic brain injury without chronic post-traumatic headache, FWE Family-wise error
^aConjunction analysis of mTBI + APTH vs mTBI – CPTH and mTBI + APTH vs HCs corrected for age, sex, the white matter volume and total intracranial volume (p < 0.05, FWE corrected)
^bConjunction analysis of mTBI + CPTH vs mTBI – CPTH and mTBI + CPTH vs HCs corrected for age, sex, the white matter volume and total intracranial volume (p < 0.05, FWE corrected)
^cConjunction analysis of mTBI + CPTH vs mTBI – CPTH and mTBI – CPTH vs HCs corrected for age, sex, the white matter volume and total intracranial volume (p < 0.05, FWE corrected)

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