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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristic for acute/chronic mTBI subgroups and HC participants

From: Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with effect of inflammation on structural changes of default mode network in those developing chronic pain

 

HCs

n = 42

Acute phase

P value*

Chronic phase

P value+

mTBI + APTH

n = 60

mTBI - APTH

n = 17

mTBI + CPTH

n = 15

mTBI - CPTH

n = 39

Demographic

 Age in years

35.3 ± 11.2

37.47 ± 12.6

30.4 ± 12.8

0.109

44.1 ± 12.8

32.8 ± 12.2

0.009e

 Males (%)C

21 (50%)

37 (61.7%)

8 (47%)

0.381

6 (40%)

24(61.6)

0.313

 Years of education

10.5 ± 5.2

8.6 ± 4.0

9.0 ± 2.8

0.095

7.0 ± 4.8

9.2 ± 3.5

0.016f

Pain measurement

 Present headache pain intensityK

0

4(1–10)

0

p < .0001a

2(1–4)

0

p < .0001g

 HIT-6K

36

48(36–68)

36

p < .0001a

50(36–68)

36

p < .0001g

 Present general pain intensityK

0

1(0–6)

0(0–4)

p < .0001a

0(0–2)

0(0-1)

p < .0001g

 Average pain intensity

0

4(1–8)

0(0–4)

p < .0001a

2(0–5)

0(0-4)

p < .0001g

 over the past weekK

       

 Best pain intensityK

0

0(0–8)

0(0–2)

p < .0001a

0(0–2)

0

p < .0001g

 Worst pain intensityK

0

6(2–10)

0(0–6)

p < .0001a

4(0–6)

0(0-6)

p < .0001g

Neuropsychological ratings

 PCL-CK

28A /23.5B

78.0

76.3

p < .0001b

81.7

62.6

p < .0001h

 WAIS-III Coding

36.1 ± 15.8

33.7 ± 16.0

31.3 ± 13.8

p < .0001c

33.7

50.8

p = .126

 Trail Making A (s)

46.7 ± 16.8

61.1 ± 49

43.4 ± 32.0

0.118

68.7 ± 59.4

38.6 ± 22.3

p = .021i

 Forward Digit Span

45.9 ± 33.1

10.2 ± 9.4

8.5 ± 2.8

0.358

7.7 ± 1.7

8.7 ± 1.5

p = .137

 Backward Digit Span

8.3 ± 1.5

4.2 ± 2.1

4.2 ± 1.7

0.693

4.1 ± 1.9

4.6 ± 1.5

p = .623

 Verbal Fluency Test

4.5 ± 2

14.8 ± 5.9

15.0 ± 4.8

0.003b

17.3 ± 7.0

17.8 ± 5.4

p = .668

 BDI-II

18.7 ± 6.4

5.2 ± 5.1

4.2 ± 4.5

p < .0001c

5.8 ± 3.9

4.4 ± 2.5

p < .0005j

 FSSK

60.5A/48.5B

57.7

67.1

0.138

48.5

48.5

p = 1

 ISI

1.6 ± 2.3

7.3 ± 5.8

4.3 ± 3.7

p < .001d

4.4 ± 4.3

2.9 ± 3.3

p = .008k

MRI characteristics

 Total intracranial volume

1467.2 ± 149.4

1462.8 ± 141.4

1446.2 ± 119.1

0.873

1454.3 ± 153.9

1448.5 ± 115.1

0.825

 Gray matter volume

631.7 ± 70.5

627.0 ± 64.9

602.4 ± 48.5

0.283

617.9 ± 49.9

627.0 ± 64.0

0.779

 White matter volume

519.9 ± 66.9

508.5 ± 52.1

480.4 ± 57.8

0.067

505.9 ± 59.7

493.9 ± 51.1

0.151

 Cerebrospinal fluid

314.8 ± 89.7

326.4 ± 106.2

374.5 ± 119.2

0.129

329.7 ± 94.3

327.0 ± 99.1

0.799

  1. Mean ± standard deviation are reported. Sex is reported as frequencies. C Chi-square; K Kruskall Wallis (median (range) reported for pain measurement; mean ranks reported for the other measurement); A Comparisons of mTBI + APTH, mTBI–APTH and HCs; B Comparisons of mTBI + CPTH, mTBI–CPTH and HCs
  2. Abbreviations: HIT-6 Short Form Headache Impact Test, PCL-C PTSD Checklist – Civilian Version, WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition, BDI-II the Beck Depression Inventory- Second Edition, FSS Fatigue Severity Scale, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, mTBI + APTH mild traumatic brain injury and acute post-traumatic headache, mTBI–APTH mild traumatic brain injury without acute post-traumatic headache, HCs healthy controls, mTBI + CPTH mild traumatic brain injury and chronic post-traumatic headache, mTBI–CPTH mild traumatic brain injury without chronic post-traumatic headache
  3. * For comparisons among acute mTBI subgroups and HC participants. + For comparisons among chronic mTBI subgroups and HC participants
  4. amTBI + APTH > mTBI – APTH, HCs; p < .0001
  5. bmTBI + APTH, mTBI – APTH > HCs; p < .005
  6. cmTBI + APTH, mTBI – APTH < HCs; p < .005
  7. dmTBI + APTH > HCs; p < .001
  8. emTBI + CPTH > mTBI – CPTH, HCs; p < .05
  9. fmTBI + CPTH < HCs; p < .05
  10. gmTBI + CPTH > mTBI – CPTH, HCs; p < .0001
  11. hmTBI + CPTH, mTBI – CPTH > HCs; p < .0001
  12. imTBI + CPTH > mTBI – CPTH; p < .05
  13. jmTBI + CPTH, mTBI – CPTH < HCs; p < .00005
  14. kmTBI + CPTH > HCs; p < .05
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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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