Table 1 Sleep disorders according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders – third edition (Adapted from American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014 and from Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146:1387–94.)
ICSD-third edition major diagnostic sections | Definition | Disorder |
|---|---|---|
Insomnia | Insomnia is defined as a persistent difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, and results in some form of daytime impairment. Daytime symptoms typically include fatigue, decreased mood or irritability, general malaise, and cognitive impairment. | Chronic insomnia disorder |
Short-term insomnia disorder | ||
Other insomnia disorder | ||
Sleep-related breathing disorders | Sleep-related breathing disorders are characterized by abnormalities of respiration during sleep. In some of these disorders, respiration is also abnormal during wakefulness. Specific pulmonary or neurological disorder should be diagnosed separately, in association with a diagnosis of sleep-related hypoventilation or sleep-related hypoxemia. | Obstructive sleep apnea disorders (OSA) Obstructive sleep apnea, adult Obstructive sleep apnea, pediatric |
Central sleep apnea syndromes Central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathing Central apnea due to a medical disorder without Cheyne-Stokes breathing Central sleep apnea due to high altitude periodic breathing Central sleep apnea due to a medication or substance Primary central sleep apnea Primary central sleep apnea of infancy Primary central sleep apnea of prematurity Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea | ||
Sleep-related hypoventilation disorders Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome Late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction Idiopathic central alveolar hypoventilation Sleep-related hypoventilation due to a medication or substance Sleep-related hypoventilation due to a medical disorder | ||
Sleep-related hypoxemia disorder | ||
Sleep-related movement disorders | Sleep-related movement disorders are characterized by relatively simple, usually stereotyped, movements that disturb sleep or its onset. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an exception in that patients typically engage in walking or nonstereotypic limb movement to reduce leg discomfort. Nocturnal sleep disturbance or complaints of daytime sleepiness or fatigue are a prerequisite for a diagnosis of a sleep-related movement disorder. | Restless legs syndrome (RLS) |
Periodic limb movement disorder | ||
Sleep-related leg cramps | ||
Sleep-related bruxism | ||
Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder | ||
Benign sleep myoclonus of infancy | ||
Propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset | ||
Sleep-related movement disorder due to a medical disorder | ||
Sleep-related movement disorder due to a medication or substance | ||
Sleep-related movement disorder, unspecified | ||
Central disorders of hypersomnolence | Central disorders of hypersomnolence are characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnolence) that is not attributable to another sleep disorder, specifically those that result in disturbed sleep (eg, sleep-related breathing disorders) or abnormalities of circadian rhythm. The cardinal feature of all the central disorders of hypersomnolence is a subjective complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness, defined as daily episodes of an irrepressible need to sleep or daytime lapses into sleep. | Narcolepsy type 1 |
Narcolepsy type 2 | ||
Idiopathic hypersomnia | ||
Kleine-Levin syndrome | ||
Hypersomnia due to a medical disorder | ||
Hypersomnia due to a medication or substance | ||
Hypersomnia associated with a psychiatric disorder | ||
Insufficient sleep syndrome | ||
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders are characterized by chronic or recurrent pattern of sleep-wake rhythm disruption primarily due to alteration of the endogenous circadian timing system or misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule desired or required by an individual’s physical environment or social/work schedules. | Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder |
Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder | ||
Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder | ||
Non-24-h sleep-wake rhythm disorder | ||
Shift work disorder | ||
Jet lag disorder | ||
Circadian sleep-wake disorder not otherwise specified | ||
Parasomnias | Parasomnias are undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, within sleep, or during arousal from sleep. Parasomnias encompass abnormal sleep-related complex movements, behaviours, emotions, perceptions, dreams, and autonomic nervous system activity that may occur during the phase non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or rapid eye movement (REM), or during transitions to and from sleep.Parasomnias are clinical disorders because of the resulting injuries, sleep disruption, adverse health effects, and untoward psychosocial effects. The clinical consequences of the parasomnias can affect the patient, the bed partner, or both. | NREM-related parasomnias: Disorders of arousal Confusional arousals SleepwalkingSleep terrors Sleep-related eating disorder |
REM-related parasomnias: REM sleep behaviour disorder Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis Nightmare disorder | ||
Other parasomnias: Exploding head syndrome Sleep-related hallucinations Sleep enuresis Parasomnia due to a medical disorder Parasomnia due to a medication or substance Parasomnia, unspecified | ||
Other sleep disorders | Sleep disorders that cannot be classified elsewhere in the ICSD-third edition. |