Table 2 Multivariate analyses of factors associated with humanistic and economic burden among Japanese migraine patients

HRQoL Outcome Variable

Coefficient [95% CI]

p

PCS

(N = 378)

−2.83 [− 4.39, − 1.28]

< 0.001

Aura

Yes

−3.97 [− 7.23, − 0.71]

0.017

No

Reference

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

−6.99 [− 10.17, −3.80]

< 0.001

8–14 days

−1.60 [− 4.97, 1.77]

4–7 days

Reference

MCS

(N = 378)

Marital status

Married or living with partner

Reference

0.020

Not Married / Decline to answer

−2.33 [−4.30, −0.36]

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

−3.14 [−5.31, − 0.97]

0.004

8–14 days

−3.08 [− 5.39, − 0.78]

4–7 days

Reference

RCS

(N = 378)

0.22 [0.09, 0.34]

0.001

Marital status

Married or living with partner

Reference

0.007

Not Married / Decline to answer

−4.66 [−8.07, −1.25]

Currently employed

Yes

5.18 [2.02, 8.34]

0.001

No

Reference

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

−3.85 [−7.42, −0.27]

0.048

8–14 days

− 0.86 [−2.93, 4.65]

4–7 days

Reference

SF-6D

(N = 378)

0.001 [0.001, 0.002]

0.007

−0.024 [−0.038, − 0.010]

0.001

Marital status

Married or living with partner

Reference

0.007

Not Married / Decline to answer

−0.037 [−0.064, − 0.010]

Currently employed

Yes

0.046 [0.021, 0.071]

< 0.001

No

Reference

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

−0.064 [−0.092, − 0.036]

< 0.001

8–14 days

−0.021 [− 0.051, 0.009]

4–7 days

Reference

WPAI Outcome Variable

OR [95% CI]

p-value

Absenteeism

(N = 208)

Pain is worse on one side of your head or occurs on one side of your head only

Yes

2.15 [1.17, 3.94]

0.014

No

Reference

Total activity impairment

(N = 207)

1.13 [1.03, 1.25]

0.013

Marital status

Married or living with partner

Reference

0.023

Not Married / Decline to answer

1.20 [1.03, 1.41]

Level of education

Completed university education

Reference

0.002

No university education

0.82 [0.69, 0.96]

Decline to answer

0.67 [0.53, 0.86]

Region

Hokkaido

Reference

0.032

Tohoku

0.63 [0.39, 1.03]

Kanto

0.84 [0.55, 1.28]

Chubu

0.75 [0.48, 1.17]

Kinki

0.84 [0.54, 1.32]

Chugoku

0.66 [0.38, 1.14]

Shikoku

0.46 [0.26, 0.82]

Kyushu/Okinawa

0.66 [0.41, 1.05]

Currently employed

Yes

0.76 [0.65, 0.88]

< 0.001

No

Reference

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

1.45 [1.22, 1.73]

< 0.001

8–14 days

1.11 [0.92, 1.35]

4–7 days

Reference

HRU Outcome Variable

OR [95% CI]

p-value

No. of HCP visits in the past 6 months

(N = 378)

1.02 [1.01, 1.03]

0.002

1.45 [1.19, 1.76]

< 0.001

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

2.10 [1.58, 2.79]

< 0.001

8–14 days

1.42 [1.05, 1.92]

4–7 days

Reference

No. of hospitalizations in the past 6 months

(N = 378)

4.29 [1.61, 11.48]

0.004

Level of education

Completed university education

Reference

0.006

Not

0.12 [0.03, 0.45]

Decline to answer

0.44 [0.06, 3.20]

See spots, flashing lights, or “heat waves” before or during the migraine

Yes

4.59 [1.08, 19.54]

0.039

No

Reference

Monthly headache days

≥15 days

7.88 [1.90, 32.76]

0.001

8–14 days

12.03 [3.02, 47.89]

4–7 days

Reference

Cost Outcome Variable

OR [95% CI]

p

Absenteeism Cost

(N = 208)

Gender

Male

Reference

0.022

Female

0.47 [0.25, 0.90]

Pain is worse on one side of your head or occurs on one side of your head only

Yes

2.19 [1.17, 4.11]

0.014

No

Reference

Presenteeism Cost

(N = 219)

Gender

Male

Reference

< 0.001

Female

0.56 [0.43, 0.74]

Indirect Cost

(N = 207)

Gender

Male

Reference

< 0.001

Female

0.56 [0.43, 0.72]