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Fig. 3 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 3

From: Gut microbiota regulates neuropathic pain: potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategy

Fig. 3

The underlying therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain through targeting of gut microbiota. There are primarily five therapeutic regimens consisting of probiotics and antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, low-FODMAP diet, vitamin D supplementation, and emotional management for effectively relieving NP. The grey dotted line symbolizes potential mediators/influence factors. Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor; BAs, bile acids; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; FODMAP, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; VDR, vitamin D receptor

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