Table 1 Study Characteristics
From: The association between headache and low back pain: a systematic review
Study ID | Country | Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria | Definitions | Size of population (n) | Age | Male (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache | Back pain | ||||||
Cross-sectional Studies | |||||||
 Child and Adolescent Studies | |||||||
  Ghandour et al., 2004 [15] | USA | Female adolescents (grades 6–10). | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP | 8370 | 12–16 years (range). | 0 (0) |
  Sjolie et al., 2002 [16] | Norway | Pupils aged 14–16 years. | Self-reported weekly headache. | LBP, measured by a Nordic questionnaire. | 88 | 14.1–16.1 years (range). | 50 (57) |
  Swain et al., 2014 [17] | Europe, America, Israel) | Ages 11, 13, 15 years. | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP. | 404 206 | 9.8–17.3 years (range). | 197 094 (49) |
 Adult Studies | |||||||
  Ashina et al. 2018 [18] | Denmark | Ages 25–65 years from Danish Civil Registration System | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP. | 1300 | 49.1, 13.9 (mean, SD) | Not reported |
  Bejia et al. 2005 [19] | Tunisia | Staff at Fattouma Bourguiba Teaching Hospital. | Self-reported migraine. | Self-reported LBP. | 350 | 37, 7.8 (mean, SD 7.88) 18–60 (range). | 178 (51) |
  Bener et al., 2015 [20] | Qatar | Ages 15–65 years from primary care. | None given. | Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. | 1829 | 15–65 years (range). | 934 (51) |
  Yoon et al., 2013 [10] | Germany | Ages 18–65 years. | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP. | 9944 | 43, 13.1 (mean, SD). | 4703 (47) |
 Older Adult Studies | |||||||
  Ahangar et al. 2016 [21] | Iran | Ages > 60 years from Amirkola town. | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP. | 1499 | Frequency of age ranges: 60–64 (36.9%) 65–69 (30%) 70–74 (17.6%) 75–79 (15%) 80–84 (6%) 85–99 (3%) | 832 (55) |
 Twin Studies | |||||||
  Hartvigsen et al., 2004 [22] (Hartvigsen et al., 2003 [23]) | Denmark | Danish twin study.Twins aged > 75 years. | Self-reported migraine. | Self-reported LBP. | 4484 | 70–102 years (range). | N/A |
Hestbaek et al., 2004 [24] | Denmark | Danish twin study. Twin aged 12–22 years | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP.Self- | 9567 | Frequency of age ranges: 12–13 (n = 1492). 14–16 (n = 2533). 17–19 (n = 2668). 20–22 (n = 2874). | 4580 (49) |
Schur et al., 2007 [25] | USA | Twins from the University of Washington Twin Registry (UWTR). | Self-reported a doctor’s diagnosis headache. | Self-reported a doctor’s diagnosis LBP. | 3982 | 32.4, 14.7 (mean, SD). | 1536 (39) |
Cohort Studies | |||||||
 Child and Adolescent Studies | |||||||
  Jones et al., 2003 [26] | UK | Ages 11 to 14 years, from 39 secondary schools. | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP. | 933 | 11–14 years (range). | Not reported. |
 Adult Studies | |||||||
  Angst et al., 2017 [27] | Switzerland | A representative age cohort of the general population of the canton of Zurich. | Self-reported headache. | Self-reported LBP. | 4547 | 27/28 in 1986, then 49/50 in 2008. | 1071 |
 Twin Studies | |||||||
  Hestbaek et al., 2006 [28] | Denmark | Danish twins born between: 1972–1982. Aged 12–22 years | Self-reported headache. | Nordic Back pain questionnaire. | Baseline: 9,600 (84%). Follow up: 6554. | 17.27 (11–22) (mean, baseline). 17.38 (11–22) (mean, follow-up). | Baseline: 4654 (48%). Follow up: 2868 (44%). |