Comparison | Proportion of comorbidity in migraine (%) | Proportion of migraine in comorbidity (%) | No. of studies with positive association/ total studies | Effect size range | Reported potential confounders (no. of studies) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Episodic migraine vs no migraine | |||||
Depression [15, 17, 22, 43, 46, 73, 74, 82, 131, 161, 165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179] | 5.6 to 73.7 | 9.9 to 55 | 13/14 cross-sectional 4/4 case-control1/1 prospective cohort1/1 retrospective cohort [17, 22, 46, 55, 73, 74, 131, 161, 167, 169, 171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178, 180] | OR 0.8 to 5.8; HR 2.75; PR 2.7 | Age (14), sex (16), education (9), income (4), residence area (2), marital status (2), race (1), smoking (1), urbanization level (1), self-rated health (1), sleep habits (1), high blood pressure (1), cervical pain (1), low back pain (1), asthma (1) |
Bipolar disorder [15, 17, 43,44,45,46, 168, 181,182,183,184] | 0.99 to 5.4 | 15.7 to 55.3 | OR 0.9 to 3.7 | Age (3), sex (3), education (2), income (2), marital status (1), residence (1), urbanization level (1) | |
13.2 to 76.4 | - | OR 2.55 to 5.84 | Age (5), sex (5), race (3), education (3), family income (1), marital status (2), smoking (1) | ||
Panic disorder [15, 17, 72, 76, 77, 161, 165, 166, 170, 173] | 0.58 to 61.3 | 61.1 | 2/3 cohort6/7 cross-sectional [15, 17, 23, 72, 76, 147, 161, 165, 170, 173] | OR 1.23 to 9.6; HR 3.55 | Age (4), sex (4), race (2), education (2), income (3), marital status (2), urbanization level (1) |
Simple phobia [161] | 29.1 | - | OR 1.66 to 2.43 | Age (1), sex (1) | |
6.7 to 27.0 | - | OR 1.45 to 14.3 | Age (1), sex (1), marital status (1) | ||
0.18 to 5.6 | - | OR 2.16 to 3.52 | Age (2), sex (2), race (1), education (1), family income (2), marital status (1), SSRI use (1), urbanization level (1) | ||
21.5 to 25.7 | - | OR 1.75 to 3.07 | Sex (2), anxiety (2), depression (2), age (1) marital status (1), race (1), education (1), smoking (1), drug/alcohol abuse (1) | ||
Eating disorders [160] | - | 22.0 | 0/1 case-control [160] | OR 2.0 | Clustered sampling including depression |
2.3 to 64.5 | - | OR 0.83 to 1.59 | Age (3), sex (3), marital status (2), education (2), race (1), smoking (1) | ||
Chronic migraine with or without medication overuse vs no migraine | |||||
11.0 to 57.0 | - | 3/4 cross-sectional,1/1 retrospective cohort [9, 15, 73, 74, 178] | OR 0.8 to 6.4; RR 5.83 | Age (4), sex (3), education (2), income (2), urbanization level (1), deprivation score (1) | |
Bipolar disorder [15] | 2.35 | - | 1/1 cross-sectional [15] | RR 1.90 | Age, sex, income, urbanization level |
6.8 to 41.8 | - | OR 6.99 to 13.18 | Age (1), sex (1), race (1), education (1), income (1), marital status (1) | ||
1.37 to 12.5 | - | OR 2.85 to 3.98 | Age (2), sex (2), race (1), education (2), income (2), marital status (1) | ||
Simple phobia | - | - | - | - | - |
2 to 3.4 | - | - | - | - | |
0.11 to 1.1 | - | 0/1 cross-sectional [15] | RR 1.25 | Age (1), sex (1), income (1), urbanization level (1) | |
1 to 2.3 | - | - | - | - | |
0 to 0.8 | - | 1/1 cross-sectional [9] | OR 1.48 | Age, sex, deprivation score | |
0 to 2.4 | - | 0/1 cross-sectional [9] | OR 0.92 | Age, sex, deprivation score | |
Chronic migraine with or without medication overuse vs episodic migraine | |||||
CM: 5.7 to 39.0; EM: 2.4 to 17.24 | - | OR 2.00 to 6.39; RR 1.88 | Age (3), sex (2), education (1), income (2), urbanization level (1) | ||
Bipolar disorder [15] | CM: 2.35;EM: 0.99 | - | 1/1 cross-sectional [15] | RR 1.81 | Age, sex, income, urbanization level |
CM: 6.8 to 41.8; EM: 9.8 to 23.1 | - | OR 6.0 to 6.99 | Age(1), sex (1), race (1), education (1), income (1), marital status (1) | ||
CM: 1.17 to 24.4; EM: 0.58 to 7.7 | - | OR 1.54 to 12.1 | Age (2), sex (2), race (1), education (2), income (2), marital status (1) | ||
Simple phobia | - | - | - | - | - |
CM: 3.4 to 34.1; EM: 0.8 to 12.2 | - | 1/1 cohort [8] | OR 4.3 | - | |
CM: 0.15 to 1.1; EM: 0.18 to 2.3 | - | 0/1 cross-sectional [15] | RR 0.94 | Age (1), sex (1), income (1), urbanization level (1) | |
PTSD [186] | CM: 2.3;EM: 0 | - | - | - | - |
Eating disorders [186] | CM: 0;EM: 0.8 | - | - | - | - |
CM: 0.15 to 43.9; EM: 0.04 to 14.6 | - | OR 2.30 to 7.6 | Age (2), sex (2), income (1), urbanization level (1) |