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Table 1 Migraine-related syndromes (modified from [35, 45])

From: Primary headaches during lifespan

Syndrome

Main symptom

Clinical signs

Duration

Prevalence

Abdominal migraine

Repeated attacks with midline abdominal pain

Accompanied by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, pallor

2–72 h

0.01%

Benign paroxysmal torticollis

Paroxysmal head tilt, sometimes also head rotation

Accompanied by pallor, irritability, malaise, vomiting, ataxia

Minutes to days

0.83%

Benign paroxysmal vertigo

Acute vertigo

Accompanied by nystagmus, unsteady gait, pallor, vomiting

Minutes to hours

0.43%

cyclic vomiting

attacks with intense nausea and vomiting, occurring periodically

Nausea/vomiting several times per hour

1 h to days

0.99%

Confusional migraine

Attacks with acute confusion

Restlessness, agitation, altered sensorium, disorientation, bizarre behavior

Less than 6 h

10% of childhood migraine

Somnambulism

Unclear if related, rising up from sleep and performing complex motor behavior

Typically occurring during slow-wave sleep, restless leg syndrome may be associated

Less than 1 h

0.07%