Table 1 Studies evaluating cognitive function in children with migraine
Migraine Phase | Cognitive Domains Affected in Migraine | Study design | Evaluation Methods | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interictal | Executive functions | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test, Stroop Test | Impairment in executive functions in children with migraine compared to healthy controls | Costa-Silva et al., 2016 [31] |
Interictal | Attention | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test, Test of Visual Attention | Migraine group had difficulties in selective attention and mainly in alternate attention | Villa et al., 2009 [32] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Impairment in attention in children with migraine | Moutran et al., 2011 [48] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test | Impairment in selective and divided attention in children with migraine compared to control subjects | Costa-Silva et al., 2016 [31] |
Interictal | Visuospatial memory | Cross sectional, clinic based | Rey Figure Test (Delayed recall) | Delayed recall is impaired in children with migraine compared to controls | D’Andrea et al., 1989 [33] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Impairment in visuospatial memory in children with migraine | Moutran et al., 2011 [48] |
Interictal | Verbal memory | Cross sectional, clinic based | Logical Memory Test, Ten Word Learning Test | Memory is impaired in children with migraine compared to non-migrainous children | D’Andrea et al., 1989 [33] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Children with migraine performed worse than healthy controls | Parisi et al., 2009 [34] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Children with migraine had worse performance in verbal memory | Moutran et al., 2011 [48] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test | Children with migraine perfomed significantly worse than control subjects | Costa-Silva [31] et al., 2016 |
Interictal | Information processing speed | Â | Simple Visual Reaction Time Task | A significant dysfunction was observed in the information processing rate in children with migraine | Riva et al., 2006 [35] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Children with migraine had decreased processing speed | Moutran et al., 2011 [48] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test | Children with migraine had slower information processing speed than controls | Costa-Silva et al., 2016 [31] |
Interictal | Verbal skills | Longitudinal, population based | WISC-R | Migraine patients were significantly impaired on tests of verbal ability between the ages 3 and 13 however no decline with age was observed | Waldie et al., 2002 [30] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Children with migraine had impaired verbal skills compared to healthy controls | Parisi et al., 2009 [34] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Verbal Fluency Test | Children with migraine displayed lower performance in the animals category | Costa-Silva et al., 2016 [31] |
Interictal | Perceptual organization | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-R | Perceptual organization was disturbed in children with migraine | Moutran et al., 2011 [48] |
Unspecified | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WISC-III | Children with migraine had lower perceptual organization competence than children with tension-type headache or healthy controls | Esposito et al., 2012 [36] |