Table 3 Risk (odds ratios [95% CI]) of Medication Overuse Among Respondents with Migraine Currently Using Acute Medication for Headache (N = 13,649)

Male

1.05 (0.95, 1.17)

1.01 (0.91, 1.13)

1.32 (1.16, 1.50)

–

–

Age

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)

1.02 (1.01, 1.02)

1.02 (1.02, 1.03)

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

1.02 (1.02, 1.03)

Married

1.12 (1.02, 1.24)

1.19 (1.07, 1.31)

1.19 (1.06, 1.34)

1.44 (1.14, 1.83)

1.10 (0.95, 1.26)

< 4-year college degree

0.80 (0.72, 0.88)

0.85 (0.77, 0.94)

0.99 (0.88, 1.12)

1.13 (0.90, 1.41)

0.93 (0.81, 1.07)

BMI

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)

1.01 (1.00, 1.01)

1.00 (1.00, 1.01)

1.44 (1.14, 1.83)

1.00 (1.00, 1.01)

Psychological symptoms^a

–

2.61 (2.36, 2.89)

1.62 (1.43, 1.83)

1.94 (1.54, 2.45)

1.48 (1.28, 1.72)

Current smoker

2.05 (1.80, 2.33)

1.78 (1.56, 2.03)

1.54 (1.31, 1.81)

1.65 (1.25, 2.16)

1.42 (1.16, 1.74)

Cutaneous allodynia

–

–

1.22 (1.08, 1.37)

1.61 (1.28, 2.03)

1.08 (0.94, 1.25)

MHDs (vs 0–4, reference)

1.0

 5–9

–

–

2.50 (2.15, 2.90)

2.46 (1.89, 3.20)

2.52 (2.10, 3.01)

 10–14

–

–

9.73 (8.27, 11.45)

8.20 (6.03, 11.16)

10.44 (8.60, 12.67)

  ≥ 15

–

–

27.34 (23.43, 31.89)

21.01 (15.64, 28.21)

30.25 (25.20, 36.30)

MSSS

–

–

1.06 (1.04, 1.09)

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)

1.06 (1.03, 1.09)

Pain intensity

–

–

1.27 (1.22, 1.32)

1.21 (1.13, 1.31)

1.28 (1.22, 1.35)

Sex-by-allodynia interaction

–

–

–

–

–