Undifferentiated headache: broadening the approach to headache in children and adolescents, with supporting evidence from a nationwide school-based cross-sectional survey in Turkey

Wöber, Christian; Wöber-Bingöl, Çiçek; Uluduz, Derya; Aslan, Tuna Stefan; Uygunoglu, Uğur; Tüfekçi, Ahmet; Alp, Selen Ilhan; Duman, Taşkın; Sürgün, Fidan; Emir, Gülser Karadaban; Demir, Caner Feyzi; Balgetir, Ferhat; Özdemir, Yeliz Bahar; Auer, Tanja; Siva, Aksel; Steiner, Timothy J.

doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0847-1

Table 1 Headache features in undifferentiated headache, migraine and tension-type headache

From: Undifferentiated headache: broadening the approach to headache in children and adolescents, with supporting evidence from a nationwide school-based cross-sectional survey in Turkey

	Undifferentiated headache		Migraine^a		Tension-type headache^a		Undifferentiated headache vs migraine^a		Undifferentiated headache vs tension-type headache^a
	N = 2066		N = 1888		N = 911		OR [95% CI]	p ^b	OR [95% CI]	p ^b
	n	%	n	%	n	%	OR [95% CI]	p ^b	OR [95% CI]	p ^b
Headache in previous week	2036		1864		899
No	949	46.6	417	22.4	322	35.8	reference		reference
≥ 1 day	1087	53.4	1447	77.6	577	64.2	0.33 [0.29–0.38]	< 0.001	0.64 [0.54–0.75]	< 0.001
Headache in previous 4 weeks	2050		1880		898
No	548	26.7	207	11.0	161	17.9	reference		reference
≥ 1 day	1502	73.3	1673	89.0	737	82.1	0.34 [0.29–0.40]	< 0.001	0.60 [0.49–0.73]	< 0.001
Duration (hr)	2066		1877		910
< 1	2066	100	317	16.9	145	15.9	NA	NA	NA	NA
1–2	0	0	989	52.7	657	7.2
> 2 and < 4	0	0	370	19.7	77	8.5
≥ 4	0	0	201	10.7	31	3.4
Intensity	2066		1877		907
Mild	2066	100	537	28.5	516	56.9	NA	NA	NA	NA
Moderate	0	0	1046	55.4	319	35.2
Severe	0	0	304	16.1	72	7.9
Quality	2044		1885		908
Pulsating	1437	70.3	1478	78.4	555	61.1	reference		reference
Pressing	607	29.7	407	21.6	353	38.9	1.5 [1.3–1.8]	< 0.001	0.66 [0.56–0.78]	< 0.001
Localisation	2048		1887		906
Unilateral	645	31.5	463	24.5	158	17.4	0.90 [0.76–1.07]	NS	1.7 [1.4–2.1]	< 0.001
Middle	652	31.8	421	22.3	269	29.7	reference		reference
Bilateral	751	36.7	1003	53.2	479	52.9	0.48 [0.41–0.56]	< 0.001	0.65 [0.54–0.78]	< 0.001
Aggravation by physical activity	2059		1886		910
No	1356	65.9	596	31.6	509	55.9	reference		reference
Yes	703	34.1	1290	68.4	401	44.1	0.24 [0.21–0.27]	< 0.001	0.66 [0.56–0.77]	< 0.001
Avoidance of physical activity	2060		1888		911
No	1009	49.0	319	16.9	408	44.8	reference		reference
Yes	1051	51.0	1569	83.1	503	55.2	0.21 [0.18–0.25]	< 0.001	0.85 [0.72–0.99]	0.04
Nausea	2053		1887		909
No	1381	67.3	578	30.6	751	82.6	reference		reference
Yes	672	32.7	1309	69.4	158	17.4	0.22 [0.19–0.25]	< 0.001	2.3 [1.9–2.8]	< 0.001
Vomiting	2054		1887		902
No	1842	89.7	1364	72.3	845	93.7	reference		reference
Yes	212	10.3	523	27.7	57	6.3	0.30 [0.25–0.36]	< 0.001	1.7 [1.3–2.3]	< 0.001
Photophobia	2058		1883		908
No	1385	67.3	622	33.0	752	82.8	reference		reference
Yes	673	32.7	1261	67.0	156	17.2	0.24 [0.21–0.24]	< 0.001	2.3 [1.9–2.9]	< 0.001
Phonophobia	2062		1887		909
No	257	12.5	72	3.8	125	13.8	reference		reference
Yes	1805	87.5	1815	96.2	784	86.2	0.28 [0.21–0.37]	< 0.001	1.1 [0.89–1.4]	0.3

^aIncluding definite and probable; ^bchi-squared test

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