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Table 1 Summary of the protective effects of PACAP in different ischemic models, human diseases and changes of PACAP levels and PAC1 receptor expression in ischemic conditions

From: Protective effects of PACAP in ischemia

Ischemic models

Lesion size

Degree of functional deficit

PACAP level

PAC1 receptor expression

Cerebral ischemia

Global ischemia in mouse and rat: 4VO, BCCAO

↓ [48, 72]

NA

↓ PACAP 38 [64]- in CA1, [68]-in hippocampus granule cells

↑PACAP 38 [72]- in hippocampus

↓ [68, 70]- in hippocampus, [69]- in hippocampal astrocytes

Focal ischemia in mouse and rat: MCAO

↓ [27, 36, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47, 58, 67, 71]

↓ [27, 46, 47]

↑ PACAP 38 [56]- in brain, [67]- in cortical pyramidal cells

↓ PACAP 38 [58]- in cortex, striatum, subcortical area

↑[65]- in cortex, caudate, putamen, [67]- in neurons and astrocytes

MCAO+BCCAO in rat

↓ [55]

↓ [55]

↑ PACAP 38 [55]- in cortex

N/A

Stroke, hemorrhages in human

N/A

N/A

↑ PACAP 38 [55]- penumbral region, [69]- intracerebral, [70]- subarachnoid]

N/A

Retinal ischemia

Transient ischemia: high intraocular pressure

↓ [83]

N/A

N/A

N/A

Permanent ischemia: BCCAO

↓ [76, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90]

↓ [81]

N/A

N/A

Cardiac ischemia

Ischemia reperfusion in rat and human

↓ [94, 95]

N/A

↓ PACAP 38 [91]- in stellate ganglion

↑ PACAP 38 [91]- in heart

↑ PACAP38-Li, PACAP 27-Li [92]- in heart

↑ [92]

Liver ischemia

Ischemia reperfusion in mouse

↓ [96]

N/A

↑ PACAP 27/38 [96]

↑ [96]

Intestinal ischemia

Ischemia reperfusion in mouse and rat

↓ [97, 98]

N/A

↓ PACAP 38 [97]

N/A

Kidney ischemia

Ischemia reperfusion in mouse, rat, and in human

↓ [100,101,102,103,104]

N/A

N/A

N/A

  1. Abbreviations: MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion, 4VO 4 vessel occlusion, BCCAO bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, -Li -like immunoreactivity, N/A not applicable, not measured