Ischemic models | Lesion size | Degree of functional deficit | PACAP level | PAC1 receptor expression | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cerebral ischemia | Global ischemia in mouse and rat: 4VO, BCCAO | NA | ↓ PACAP 38 [64]- in CA1, [68]-in hippocampus granule cells ↑PACAP 38 [72]- in hippocampus | ↓ [68, 70]- in hippocampus, [69]- in hippocampal astrocytes | |
Focal ischemia in mouse and rat: MCAO | ↑ PACAP 38 [56]- in brain, [67]- in cortical pyramidal cells ↓ PACAP 38 [58]- in cortex, striatum, subcortical area | ↑[65]- in cortex, caudate, putamen, [67]- in neurons and astrocytes | |||
MCAO+BCCAO in rat | ↓ [55] | ↓ [55] | ↑ PACAP 38 [55]- in cortex | N/A | |
Stroke, hemorrhages in human | N/A | N/A | ↑ PACAP 38 [55]- penumbral region, [69]- intracerebral, [70]- subarachnoid] | N/A | |
Retinal ischemia | Transient ischemia: high intraocular pressure | ↓ [83] | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Permanent ischemia: BCCAO | ↓ [81] | N/A | N/A | ||
Cardiac ischemia | Ischemia reperfusion in rat and human | N/A | ↓ PACAP 38 [91]- in stellate ganglion ↑ PACAP 38 [91]- in heart ↑ PACAP38-Li, PACAP 27-Li [92]- in heart | ↑ [92] | |
Liver ischemia | Ischemia reperfusion in mouse | ↓ [96] | N/A | ↑ PACAP 27/38 [96] | ↑ [96] |
Intestinal ischemia | Ischemia reperfusion in mouse and rat | N/A | ↓ PACAP 38 [97] | N/A | |
Kidney ischemia | Ischemia reperfusion in mouse, rat, and in human | N/A | N/A | N/A |