Table 6 Studies of SPG blocks for operative pain of the head and face
From: Sphenopalatine ganglion: block, radiofrequency ablation and neurostimulation - a systematic review
Operative Pain of the head and neck | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | Medical problems | Approach | Imaging | Medication | Number of cases | Study design | Outcome |
Robiony et al. [24] | 1998 | Skeletal transverse discrepancy of the maxilla | Transcutaneous truncal anesthesia of the maxillary nerve in association with transmucosal anesthesia of the sphenopalatine ganglion | None | Prilocaine carbocaine cream | 12 | Case series | Total anesthesia of the maxillary area facilitated the operations and appreciably reduced amount of postoperative pain |
Hwang et al. [23] | 2003 | Removal of nasal packing after nasal operation | Needle injection into the greater palatine canal | None | 1% lidocaine | 11 | Case-control | Injection side had significantly lower pain than the control side |
Ahmed et al. [18] | 2007 | Endoscopic sinonasal surgery intraoperative isofluorane consumption, hypotensive agents used, postoperative pain | Bilateral SPG block, injected between the middle and inferior turbinates | None | 0.5% lidocaine and epinephrine. | 15 cases, 15 controls | Randomized-controlled | Significantly reduced intraoperative isofluorane consumption and esmolol use, postoperative tramadol use and postoperative pain. |
Ali et al. [20] | 2010 | Endoscopic trans-nasal resection of pituitary adenoma, anesthetic, vasodilator and analgesic sparing effect | Bilateral SPG block, injected between the middle and inferior turbinates | None | 1.5% lidocaine and epinephrine | 15 cases and 15 controls | Randomized-controlled | Significantly reduced in sevoflurane and nitroglycerine consumption, emergence time, postoperative pain and need of meperidine analgesia. |
Kesimci et al. [22] | 2012 | Endoscopic sinus surgery postoperative analgesia efficacy | Bilateral SPG block, injected between the middle and inferior turbinates | None | 0.5% bupivacaine or 0.5% levobupivacaine | 45 | Double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled | Postoperative pain significantly reduced, also significantly few patients requiring additional analgesics in the postoperative 24 h. |
Demaria et al. [21] | 2012 | Endoscopic sinus surgery postoperative analgesia efficacy | Bilateral SPG block, palatal approach | None | 2% lidocaine and 1% tetracaine | 70 | Double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled | Patients were discharged sooner than the control group. The block group also required less total fentanyl in the recovery room. |
Al-Qudah et al. [19] | 2015 | Endoscopic sinus surgery postoperative analgesia efficacy | Applied to the SPG region | None | 2% lidocaine and epinephrine | 60 (30 cases, 30 controls) | Double-blind, placebo controlled | Significant pain reduction in the SPG block group |