Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Richard et al. [39]

Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled

Portable sTMS over occiput

2 pulses about 30s

MA: diagnosis according to ICHD(2 edition)

MA: aura > 60 min; metal implants; headache due to trauma or over use of drug.

Hatem et al. [40]

Randomized, open-label

Tabletop clinic- based rTMS over the left motor cortex

12 rTMS sessions at 10 Hz

CM: diagnosis according to ICHD -third edition-III (beta version).

Headache due to over use of drug; other chronic primary/secondary headaches. Use of headache prophylaxis medication within 4 weeks of baseline, comorbid, psychiatric disorders, symptomatic headache, “demonstrable structural lesion by brain magnetic resonance imaging”

Adriana et al. [41]

Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group

Tabletop clinic- based rTMS-DLPFC

23 sessions of active rTMS-DLPFC, total of 1600 pulses per session

18–80 years; CM: diagnosis according to ICHD (2 edition).

Inability to comply. Other neurologic disorder. Contraindications to TMS. Psychotic symptom or bipolar disorder. Drug or alcohol dependent. Pregnancy. Use of drug that interfere on CE. Severe major depression. Changes in prophylactic medications.

Usha et al. [42]

Randomized, placebo-controlled

Tabletop clinic- based rTMS over left frontal cortex

10 Hz rTMS, 600 pulses in 10 trains

MP above the age of 15 years has >4 attacks/month in the last 3 months.

Liver or kidney failure, malignancy, uncontrolled hypertension, seizure, structural brain lesion, focal neurological deficit, metal implant, pregnancy.

Filippo et al. [38]

Randomized, double-blind, controlled

Tabletop clinic- based rTMS-DLPFC

12 rTMS sessions, each rTMS session consisted of 10 trains of 2-s duration, separated by 30-s pause, given at 20-Hz frequency and 90% MT intensity

CM: diagnosis according to IHS [45].

Hamilton scale ≥ 7