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Table 2 Perceived stress, depression, and anxiety in migraine patients compared with controls

From: Perceived stress in patients with migraine: a case-control study

 

Mean ± SD (range)

Migraine patients

Episodic migraine

Chronic migraine

Healthy controls

(n = 227)

(n = 124)

(n = 103)

(n = 170)

PSS

18.6 ± 6.3 (6–36)c

17.1 ± 6.2 (6–34)

20.5 ± 5.8 (7–36)c,*

15.9 ± 5.5 (0–29)

PHQ-9

6.8 ± 5.5 (0–27)c

5.6 ± 5.0 (0–20)b

8.3 ± 5.7 (0–27)c

3.7 ± 4.3 (0–18)

GAD-7

5.3 ± 5.1 (0–21)c

4.4 ± 4.8 (0–19)a

6.3 ± 5.4 (0–21)c

3.3 ± 3.5 (0–19)

  1. Analysis of Covariance controlling for education between groups with migraine and controls. a p < 0.05, b p < 0.01, c p < 0.001
  2. Analysis of Covariance controlling for education, depression, and anxiety between groups with migraine and controls. *p < 0.05
  3. PSS: Perceived Stress Scale, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7