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Table 2 Risk factors for moderate-to-severe headache at the 12-month follow-up

From: Post-traumatic headache in patients with minimal traumatic intracranial hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury: a retrospective matched case-control study

 

Simple logistic regression

Multiple logistic regression

 

OR (95% CI)

p value

OR (95% CI)

p value

Age in years

 <35

1

   

 ≥35

1.407 (0.529–3.106)

0.748

  

Gender

    

 Female

1

   

 Male

0.912 (0.478–2.106)

0.649

  

Initial GCS

    

 15

1

   

 <15

1.794 (0.593–3.377)

0.573

  

Cause of traumatic brain injury

 Motor vehicle accident

1

   

 Fall from height

2.975 (0.636–4.647)

0.443

  

 Direct hit on the head

0.846 (0.743–3.226)

0.384

  

Mechanism of traumatic brain injury

 Whiplash

1

   

 Head being struck

1.839 (0.475–7.552)

0.751

  

 Head striking an object

2.883 (0.748–3.424)

0.395

  

Loss of consciousness

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

2.174 (0.944–3.806)

0.078

2.311 (0.839–4.394)

0.162

Vomiting

    

 No

1

   

 Yes

2.082 (0.624–4.771)

0.736

  

Tinnitus

    

 No

1

   

 Yes

0.859 (0.344–1.176)

0.611

  

Visual symptoms

   

 No

1

   

 Yes

1.075 (0.525–3.239)

0.522

  

Confusion

    

 No

1

   

 Yes

1.742 (0.438–2.262)

0.704

  

Post-traumatic amnesia

   

 No

1

   

 Yes

2.242 (0.748–5.680)

0.663

  

Post-traumatic seizure

   

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.779 (1.205–4.430)

0.035

1.520 (1.128–6.785)

0.047

Previously diagnosed headache

   

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.835 (0.806–4.704)

0.082

1.503 (0.724–5.960)

0.179

Initial headache intensity

   

 Mild (NRS 0–3)

1

 

1

 

 Moderate-to-Severe

 (NRS 4–10)

2.927 (1.348–4.612)

0.044

2.154 (0.925–6.319)

0.094

mTIH

   

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

2.883 (1.038–6.124)

0.021

2.194 (1.285–8.475)

0.039

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, mTIH minimal traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, NRS numeric rating scale, OR odds ratio