Level of physical activity, well-being, stress and self-rated health in persons with migraine and co-existing tension-type headache and neck pain

Table 1 Health-related variables, headache and neck pain frequencies in persons with co-existing M, TTH and NP

	All N = 148	M-TTH-NP N = 100	Healthy controls N = 100	p value M-TTH-NP healthy controls
Age, mean (SD)	41 (11.1)	40 (11.4)	39 (10.2)	0.49
Sex, n (%)				0.81
Women	129 (87)	90	91
Men	19 (13)	10	9
Educational attainment, n (%)				0.014
<3 years higher education	57 (40)	42	26
≥3 years higher education	85 (60)	56	73
Missing, n	6	2	1
Physical activity^a, n (%)				0.001
Low	29 (23)	18 (21)	7 (8)
Moderate	50 (40)	34 (41)	25 (27)
High	47 (37)	32 (38)	59 (65)
Missing, n	22	16	9
Psychological well-being ≤ 50^b, n (%)				<0.001
No	75 (51)	48	89
Yes	73 (49)	52	11
Missing, n	1	1
Stress^c, n (%)				< 0.001
Low	61 (42)	38	66
Moderate	33 (22)	22	21
High	53 (36)	39	13
Missing, n	1	1
Poor self-rated health^d				< 0.001
No	58 (39)	38	96
Yes	90 (61)	62	4
Migraine days/month, median (q1, q3)	6 (4, 10)	6 (3, 10)	-	-
TTH days/month, median (q1, q3)	9 (4, 18)	9 (4, 15)	-	-
NP days/month, median (q1, q3)	11.5 (5, 30)	13 (5, 30)	-	-
Chronic migraine, n (%)	41 (28)	28	-	-
Chronic TTH, n (%)	21 (14)	17	-	-
Chronic NP, n (%)	54 (37)	49	-	-

Independent-samples t-test was used to test for differences in age; Chi-square test was used to test for difference in sex, educational attainment, physical activity, psychological well-being, stress and poor self-rated health
M migraine, NP neck pain, n numbers, q quartiles, q1 and q3 refer to first and third quartiles, SD standard deviation, TTH tension-type headache
^aAssessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ short form) low, moderate and high physical activity was based on time and energy expenditure in the past 7 days
^bAssessed using the World Health Organisation five-item Well-Being Index (WHO-5) sum score from 0-100; sores ≤ 50 indicate poor psychological well-being
^cAssessed using stress scores with end-points 0 = no stress at all and 10 = very high degree of stress; scores 0–3 = low, scores 4–6 = moderate, scores 7–10 = high stress
^dAssessed using self-rated health with end-points 1 = very poor to 5 = very good; scores 1–3 indicated poor self-rated health

ISSN: 1129-2377