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Table 4 Multivariate analysis of associations between headache types and demographic and environmental factors and body mass index

From: Primary headache disorders in the adult general population of Pakistan – a cross sectional nationwide prevalence survey

Variable

Exp(B) (95% confidence intervals)

Migraine

(n = 967)

Tension-type headache

(n = 1887)

Headache on ≥15 d/m

(n = 342)

Gender (N = 4223) compared to male (n = 1957)

 Female

 (n = 2266)

1.3 (1.01–1.7)

P = 0.039

0.8 (0.7–0.97)

P = 0.026

2.0 (1.4–2.9)

P< 0.001

Age (N = 4223) compared to 18–29 years (n = 1507)

 30–39 years

 (n = 1197)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

P = 0.522

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

P= 0.012

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

P = 0.536

 40–49 years

 (n = 1101)

2.0 (1.3–2.9)

P= 0.001

2.4 (1.7–3.4)

P< 0.001

2.0 (1.2–3.5)

P= 0.015

 50–59 years

 (n = 330)

1.1 (0.6–2.1)

P = 0.720

1.4 (0.8–2.3)

P = 0.201

2.0 (0.9–4.4)

P = 0.076

 60–65 years

 (n = 88)

2.1 (0.7–6.7)

P = 0.201

2.8 (1.1–7.1)

P = 0.034

1.8 (0.3–9.4)

P = 0.515

Marital status (N = 4182; missing 41) compared to single (n = 1089)

 Married

 (n = 3015)

1.8 (1.2–2.5)

P= 0.002

1.3 (0.9–1.7)

P = 0.115

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

P = 0.490

 Divorced, widowed or separated

 (n = 78)

0.5 (0.1–1.8)

P = 0.277

0.8 (0.3–2.0)

P = 0.683

1.4 (0.5–4.3)

P = 0.568

Habitation (N = 4223) compared to rural (n = 2780)

 Urban

 (n = 1443)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

P = 0.053

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

P = 0.554

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

P = 0.895

Educational level (N = 3277; missing 946) compared to none (n = 166)

 Some schooling

 (n = 2691)

0.8 (0.5–1.2)

p = 0.263

1.8 (1.2–2.9)

p= 0.011

1.3 (0.7–2.4)

p = 0.503

 College

 (n = 420)

0.4 (0.2–0.8)

p= 0.004

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

p = 0.959

0.9 (0.4–2.0)

p = 0.721

Income level (N = 3606; missing 617) compared to poor (n = 1127)

 Not poor

 (n = 2479)

0.5 (0.4–0.7)

p< 0.001

0.8 (0.6–1.01)

p = 0.061

0.3 (0.2–0.5)

p< 0.001

Province (N = 4223) compared to Punjab (n = 2431)

 Sindh

 (n = 1017)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

P = 0.781

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

P= 0.002

2.2 (1.5–3.4)

P< 0.001

 Baluchistan

 (n = 201)

0.5 (0.2–0.9)

P = 0.022

0.5 (0.3–0.9)

P= 0.011

2.7 (1.2–5.9)

P= 0.013

 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

 (n = 574)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

P< 0.001

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

P< 0.001

0.5 (0.3–1.1)

P = 0.077

Body mass index (N = 3889; missing 334) compared to normal (n = 2152)

 Underweight

 (n = 155)

0.8 (0.4–1.4)

P = 0.412

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

P= 0.005

1.4 (0.7–2.9)

P = 0.386

 Overweight

 (n = 1156)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

P = 0.193

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

P = 1.00

1.3 (0.8–1.9)

P = 0.298

 Obese or morbidly obese

 (n = 426)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

P = 0.573

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

P< 0.001

1.4 (0.8–2.6)

P = 0.249

  1. Significant associations (P < 0.02) are emboldened. d/m days/month