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Table 3 Bivariate analyses† to demonstrate potential associations between headache types and demographic factors, habitation and body mass index

From: Primary headache disorders in the adult general population of Pakistan – a cross sectional nationwide prevalence survey

Variable (N = 4223)

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)

All headache (n = 3233)

Migraine (n = 967)

Tension-type headache (n = 1887)

Probable MOH (n = 30)

Other headache on ≥15 d/m (n = 312)

Age

 18–29 years (n = 1537)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 30–39 years (n = 1074)

1.8 (1.5–2.1)*

1.3 (1.1–1.6)*

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

0.7 (0.2–2.1)

1.1 (0.9–1.5)

 40–49 years (n = 865)

2.5 (2.1–3.1)*

1.8 (1.4–2.3)*

1.2 (1.1–1.5)*

1.1 (0.4–3.0)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

 50–59 years (n = 554)

1.9 (1.5–2.4)*

1.8 (1.4–2.3)*

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

2.0 (0.7–5.2)

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

 60–65 years (n = 193)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)*

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

3.3 (1.0–10.5)*

1.4 (0.8–2.3)

Marital status (N = 4182; missing 41)

 Single (n = 1309)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Married (n = 2637)

1.8 (1.5–2.1)*

1.5 (1.3–1.8)*

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

1.8 (0.7–4.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

 Divorced, widowed or separated (n = 236)

1.9 (1.4–2.7)*

1.8 (1.3–2.5)*

0.7 (0.5–0.9)*

-

2.5 (1.6–3.7)*

Habitation (N = 4223)

 Rural (n = 2780)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Urban (n = 1443)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)*

1.9 (0.9–4.2)

1.8 (1.4–2.3)*

Educational level (N = 3263; missing 960)

 None (n = 600)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Some schooling (n = 2454)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.5 (0.4–0.7)*

2.2 (1.8–2.6)*

1.2 (0.4–3.6)

0.6 (0.4–0.8)*

 College (n = 209)

0.6 (0.4–0.8)*

0.5 (0.3–0.7)*

1.5 (1.1–2.1)*

-

0.4 (0.2–0.8)*

Income level (N = 3606; missing 617)

 Poor (n = 1127)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Not poor (n = 2479)

0.7 (0.6–0.9)*

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

0.8 (0.3–1.7)

0.4 (0.3–0.5)*

Body mass index (N = 3889; missing 334)

 Normal (n = 2152)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Underweight (n = 155)

0.6 (0.4–1.0)*

1.7 (1.1–2.5)*

0.4 (0.3–0.7)*

1.8 (0.4–8.2)

1.2 (0.6–2.1)

 Overweight (n = 1156)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.4–2.2)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

 Obese (n = 417)

0.6 (0.5–0.8)*

1.6 (1.3–2.1)*

0.4 (0.3–0.5)*

0.3 (0.04–2.1)

1.5 (1.0–2.2)*

 Morbidly obese (n = 9)

0.2 (0.15–0.25)*

1.6 (1.3–2.1)*

0.4 (0.3–0.5)*

1.1 (0.3–4.0)

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

  1. MOH medication-overuse headache, d/m days/month. †Adjusted in SPSS v23 for age and/or gender (as appropriate) by weighting in accordance with the formula Weight = proportion in population/proportion in sample, taking population data from [20]. *P < 0.05
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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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