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Fig. 2 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 2

From: Contributions of p38 and ERK to the antinociceptive effects of TGF-β1 in chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic rats

Fig. 2

The effects of intrathecal (i.t.) transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced upregulation of spinal phosphorylated (phospho)-p38 at 14 d post-surgery. Images represent cells labeled with phospho-p38 (red) in the spinal cord, obtained from the sham operated plus i.t. vehicle group (a), CCI plus i.t. vehicle group (b), and CCI plus i.t. TGF-β1 (5 ng) groups at 0.5 h (c), 3 h (d), and 6 h (e) after TGF-β1 injections. Quantification of the phospho-p38 immunoreactivity (f) demonstrates that TGF-β1 significantly inhibits CCI-induced upregulation of spinal phospho-p38. Each bar in (f) shows the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) from six rats per group. Scale bars: 100 μm for all images (ae). *P < 0.05 compared to the sham operated plus vehicle group; #P < 0.05 compared to the CCI plus vehicle group

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