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Table 4 Comparison of clinical features between patients with and without post-ictal headache and patients with and without pre-ictal headache

From: Headache in epilepsy: prevalence and clinical features

 

Post-IH

No Post-IH

p value

OR (CI 95 %)

Pre-IH

No Pre-IH

p value

OR (CI 95 %)

Sample

74 (19.07)

314 (80.93)

  

26 (6.70)

362 (93.30)

  

 Males

30 (16.76)

149 (83.24)

0.283

-

6 (3.35)

173 (96.65)

0.015

-

 Females

44 (21.05)

165 (78.95)

20 (9.57)

189 (90.43)

Age (mean ± SD)

38.08 ± 13.50

42.00 ± 16.10

0.053

-

38.08 ± 14.54

41.48 ± 15.77

0.286

-

Age at epilepsy onset (med; p25-p75)

12; 8-20

15; 8-24

0.135

-

13; 6 - 24

15; 8 - 23

0.601

-

Epilepsy duration (med; p25-p75)

21; 12-29

20; 11-32

0.879

-

20.5; 9-32

20.5; 11-32

0.529

-

Epilepsy

 Generalized

18 (24.32)

83 (26.43)

0.710

-

2 (7.69)

99 (27.35)

0.027

-

 Focal

55 (74.32)

225 (71.66)

0.645

-

21 (80.77)

259 (71.55)

0.311

-

 Unclassified

1 (1.35)

6 (1.91)

0.745

-

3 (11.54)

4 (1.10)

<0.001

-

Frequency of seizures at observation

 Sporadic

23 (31.08)

111 (35.35)

0.487

-

10 (38.46)

124 (34.25)

0.663

-

 Monthly/daily

34 (45.95)

85 (27.07)

0.002

-

11 (42.31)

108 (29.83)

0.183

-

 Seizure-free

16 (21.62)

116 (36.94)

0.012

-

4 (15.38)

128 (35.36)

0.038

-

Tonic-clonic seizures

53 (71.62)

185 (58.92)

0.041a

1.79 (1.02 - 3.12)

16 (61.54)

222 (61.33)

0.983

-

AED therapy

 Monotherapy

23 (31.08)

162 (51.59)

0.002a

0.43 (0.25 - 0.74)

13 (50.00)

172 (47.51)

0.806

1.11 (0.50 - 2.45)

 Polytherapy

50 (67.57)

138 (43.95)

<0.001a

2.64 (1.54 - 4.52)

13 (50.00)

175 (48.34)

0.870

1.07 (0.48 - 2.37)

 No therapy

1 (1.35)

14 (4.46)

0.219a

0.28 (0.04 - 2.15)

0 (0.00)

15 (4.14)

0.290

-

Photosensitivity

5 (6.76)

18 (5.73)

0.737

-

1 (3.85)

22 (6.08)

0.642

-

Inter-ictal headache

58 (78.38)

130 (41.40)

<0.001

-

23 (88.46)

165 (45.58)

<0.001

-

 Migraine

38 (51.35)

64 (20.38)

<0.001b

4.06 (2.35 - 7.02)

19 (73.08)

83 (22.93)

<0.001b

7.96 (3.20 - 19.80)

 Migraine without aura

38 (51.35)

58 (18.47)

<0.001

-

18 (69.23)

78 (21.55)

<0.001

-

 Migraine with aura

0 (0.00)

6 (1.91)

0.231

-

1 (3.85)

5 (1.38)

0.325

-

 TTH

20 (27.03)

54 (17.20)

0.053

-

3 (11.54)

71 (19.61)

0.311

-

  1. Post-IH, post-ictal headache; Pre-IH, pre-ictal headache; N, number; SD, standard deviation; med, median; p25-p75, 25th and 75th percentile; AED, anti-epileptic drug; TTH, tension-type headache
  2. aMultivariable model adjusted for age and sex
  3. bMultivariable model adjusted for age, sex and anti-migraine therapy
  4. Figures given as N (%), unless otherwise stated