From: Headache in epilepsy: prevalence and clinical features
 | Post-IH | No Post-IH | p value | OR (CI 95 %) | Pre-IH | No Pre-IH | p value | OR (CI 95 %) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 74 (19.07) | 314 (80.93) | Â | Â | 26 (6.70) | 362 (93.30) | Â | Â |
 Males | 30 (16.76) | 149 (83.24) | 0.283 | - | 6 (3.35) | 173 (96.65) | 0.015 | - |
 Females | 44 (21.05) | 165 (78.95) | 20 (9.57) | 189 (90.43) | ||||
Age (mean ± SD) | 38.08 ± 13.50 | 42.00 ± 16.10 | 0.053 | - | 38.08 ± 14.54 | 41.48 ± 15.77 | 0.286 | - |
Age at epilepsy onset (med; p25-p75) | 12; 8-20 | 15; 8-24 | 0.135 | - | 13; 6 - 24 | 15; 8 - 23 | 0.601 | - |
Epilepsy duration (med; p25-p75) | 21; 12-29 | 20; 11-32 | 0.879 | - | 20.5; 9-32 | 20.5; 11-32 | 0.529 | - |
Epilepsy | ||||||||
 Generalized | 18 (24.32) | 83 (26.43) | 0.710 | - | 2 (7.69) | 99 (27.35) | 0.027 | - |
 Focal | 55 (74.32) | 225 (71.66) | 0.645 | - | 21 (80.77) | 259 (71.55) | 0.311 | - |
 Unclassified | 1 (1.35) | 6 (1.91) | 0.745 | - | 3 (11.54) | 4 (1.10) | <0.001 | - |
Frequency of seizures at observation | ||||||||
 Sporadic | 23 (31.08) | 111 (35.35) | 0.487 | - | 10 (38.46) | 124 (34.25) | 0.663 | - |
 Monthly/daily | 34 (45.95) | 85 (27.07) | 0.002 | - | 11 (42.31) | 108 (29.83) | 0.183 | - |
 Seizure-free | 16 (21.62) | 116 (36.94) | 0.012 | - | 4 (15.38) | 128 (35.36) | 0.038 | - |
Tonic-clonic seizures | 53 (71.62) | 185 (58.92) | 0.041a | 1.79 (1.02 - 3.12) | 16 (61.54) | 222 (61.33) | 0.983 | - |
AED therapy | ||||||||
 Monotherapy | 23 (31.08) | 162 (51.59) | 0.002a | 0.43 (0.25 - 0.74) | 13 (50.00) | 172 (47.51) | 0.806 | 1.11 (0.50 - 2.45) |
 Polytherapy | 50 (67.57) | 138 (43.95) | <0.001a | 2.64 (1.54 - 4.52) | 13 (50.00) | 175 (48.34) | 0.870 | 1.07 (0.48 - 2.37) |
 No therapy | 1 (1.35) | 14 (4.46) | 0.219a | 0.28 (0.04 - 2.15) | 0 (0.00) | 15 (4.14) | 0.290 | - |
Photosensitivity | 5 (6.76) | 18 (5.73) | 0.737 | - | 1 (3.85) | 22 (6.08) | 0.642 | - |
Inter-ictal headache | 58 (78.38) | 130 (41.40) | <0.001 | - | 23 (88.46) | 165 (45.58) | <0.001 | - |
 Migraine | 38 (51.35) | 64 (20.38) | <0.001b | 4.06 (2.35 - 7.02) | 19 (73.08) | 83 (22.93) | <0.001b | 7.96 (3.20 - 19.80) |
 Migraine without aura | 38 (51.35) | 58 (18.47) | <0.001 | - | 18 (69.23) | 78 (21.55) | <0.001 | - |
 Migraine with aura | 0 (0.00) | 6 (1.91) | 0.231 | - | 1 (3.85) | 5 (1.38) | 0.325 | - |
 TTH | 20 (27.03) | 54 (17.20) | 0.053 | - | 3 (11.54) | 71 (19.61) | 0.311 | - |