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Table 3 Comparison of clinical features between subgroups of patients with inter-ictal migraine, inter-ictal tension-type headache and patients without inter-ictal headache

From: Headache in epilepsy: prevalence and clinical features

 

Inter-ictal Migraine (Group 1)

Inter-ictal TTH (Group 2)

No inter-IH (Group 3)

p value

OR (CI 95 %)

Group Comparison

Sample

102 (26.29)

74 (19.07)

200 (51.55)

   

 Males

34 (23.45)

28 (20.14)

111 (79.86)

<0.001;

-

1 vs 3;

 Females

68 (43.31)

46 (34.07)

89 (65.93)

0.009

 

2 vs 3

Age (mean ± SD)

38.57 ± 13.73

40.34 ± 16.46

43.26 ± 16.27

0.013

-

1 vs 3

Age at epilepsy onset (med; p25-p75)

15; 10-21

15; 10-26

15; 6-25

0.877

-

-

Epilepsy duration (med; p25-p75)

19; 9-31

19; 10-28

21.5; 12-34

0.076

-

-

Epilepsy

 Generalized

27 (26.47)

19 (25.68)

51 (25.50)

0.855

-

-

 Focal

73 (71.57)

55 (74.32)

144 (72.00)

0.937

-

-

 Unclassified

2 (1.96)

0 (0.00)

5 (2.50)

0.768

-

-

Frequency of seizures at observation

 Sporadic

37 (36.27)

24 (32.43)

67 (33.50)

0.631

-

-

 Monthly/daily

30 (29.41)

24 (32.43)

62 (31.00)

0.777

-

-

 Seizure-free

34 (33.33)

26 (35.14)

69 (34.50)

0.840

-

-

 Tonic-clonic seizures

73 (71.57)

48 (64.86)

113 (56.50)

0.011

1.39 (1.08 - 1.80)

1 vs 3

AED therapy

 Monotherapy

54 (52.94)

36 (48.65)

91 (45.50)

0.221

1.16 (0.91 - 1.47)

-

 Polytherapy

43 (42.16)

37 (50.00)

101 (50.50)

0.170

0.85 (0.67 - 1.08)

-

 No therapy

5 (4.90)

1 (1.35)

8 (4.00)

0.715

1.11 (0.63 - 1.97)

-

Photosensitivity

8 (7.84)

4 (5.41)

11 (5.50)

0.428

-

-

Peri-ictal headache

48 (47.06)

22 (29.73)

21 (10.50)

0.019a;

2.18 (1.14 - 4.19);

1 vs 2;

<0.001a;

2.68 (1.96 - 3.64);

1 vs 3;

<0.001b;

1.87 (1.33 - 2.63)

2 vs 3;

 Pre-ictal headache

19 (18.63)

3 (4.05)

3 (1.50)

0.010a;

5.29 (1.50 - 18.68);

1 vs 2;

<0.001a

3.54 (1.88 - 6.66)

1 vs 3

 Ictal headache

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

3 (1.50)

0.214

-

-

 Post-ictal headache

38 (37.25)

20 (27.03)

16 (8.00)

<0.001a;

2.60 (1.85 - 3.64);

1 vs 3;

<0.001b;

2.09 (1.44 - 3.03);

2 vs 3;

0.127b

1.69 (0.86 - 3.31)

1 vs 2

  1. N, number; TTH, tension-type headache; inter-IH, inter-ictal headache; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; vs, versus; SD, standard deviation; med, median; p25-p75, 25th and 75th percentile; AED, anti-epileptic drug
  2. aMultivariable model adjusted for age, sex and anti-migraine therapy
  3. bMultivariable model adjusted for age and sex
  4. Figures given as N (%), unless otherwise stated