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Table 3 Bivariate analysis of associations with each diagnosis adjusted for gender and age

From: The epidemiology of primary headache disorders in Zambia: a population-based door-to-door survey

 

Migraine

Tension-type headache

pMOH

OR

P

OR

P

OR

P

Habitation

      

Rural

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

Urban

1.1 [0.77-1.6]

 

1.1 [0.77-1.6]

 

8.6 [3.2-23.6]

0.0001

Education

      

None/primary

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

Secondary

1.4 [0.95-2.0]

 

0.46 [0.34-0.64]

<0.0001

0.59 [0.38-0.90]

0.0147

College or university

2.1 [1.4-3.2]

0.0004

0.22 [0.14-0.37]

<0.0001

1.1 [0.71-1.8]

 

Employment

      

None

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

Unskilled

1.2 [0.84-1.7]

 

1.5 [1.1-2.1]

0.0149

1.6 [1.1-2.6]

0.0232

Skilled

1.1 [0.83-1.6]

 

1.6 [1.2-2.2]

0.0010

1.5 [1.03-2.3]

0.0343

Professional

2.1 [1.4-3.2]

0.0005

0.46 [0.26-0.82]

0.0080

1.5 [0.91-2.7]

 

Income per month (USD)

     

≤40

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 

>40

1.3 [0.88-1.8]

 

1.3 [0.93-1.9]

 

6.0 [2.8-13.1]

<0.0001

  1. pMOH: probable medication-overuse headache; OR: odds ratio with 95% confidence interval in parenthesis.