Study | Country | Design (population) | Period of inclusion | Age range (years) | Women (%) | Exposure(s) | Outcome(s) of interest | Migraineurs (n, %) | Underweight (n, %) | Pre-obese (n, %) | Obese (n, %) | Type of effect estimate | Confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bigal, 2006 [52] | USA | Cross-sectional | 1997-2000 | ≥18 | 65.0 | Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity | Any migraine | 3,791 (12.5) | 941 (3.1) | 9,258 (30.6) | 3,133 (10.4) | OR | Marital status, income, use of daily medications, depression |
Bigal and Lipton, 2006 [53] | USA | Cross-sectional | 1997-2000 | ≥18 | 61.8 | Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity | Transformed migraine | (1.3) | 941 (3.1) | 9,258 (30.6) | 3,133 (10.4) | OR | Use of acute or preventive medication, age, race, socioeconomic status, depression |
Gilmore, 1999 [54] | Canada | Cross-sectional* (NPHS) | 1996-1997 | 20-64 | 49.4 | Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity | Any migraine | NR | NR | (34) | (12) | OR | Age, sex |
Jiménez-Sánchez, 2013 [55] | Spain | Cross-sectional (SNHS-NHSRP) | 2006 | ≥16 | 50.9 (Spanish), 53.1 (Romany) | Any migraine | Obesity | (12.5, Spanish; 29.4, Romany) | - | - | (14.6, Spanish; 21.2, Romany) | OR | Gender, age, education level, occupational status, self-related health, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, sleep habits, physical exercise, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, osteoarthritis, allergy, diabetes, stomach ulcer, hypercholesterolemia,depression, osteoporosis, prostate problems, menopausal symptoms |
Le, 2011 [56] | Denmark | Cross-sectional (DTR) | 2002 | 20-71 | 69.6 | Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity | Any migraine | 8,044 (25.2) | 230 (3.0) [migraine]; 477 (2.1) [healthy] | 2,072 (27.2) [migraine]; 6,973 (30.8) [healthy] | 682 (9.0) [migraine]; 1,743 (7.7) [healthy] | OR | Age, education, employment status, physical work load, recreational physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, marital status |
Mattsson, 2007 [57] | Sweden | Cross-sectional | 1997-1998 | 40-74 | 100.0 | Obesity | Active migraine | 130 (19.0) | - | - | (19.3) | OR | Age, education |
Peterlin, 2010 [58] | USA | Cross-sectional* (NHANES) | 1999-2004 | ≥20 | 51.2 | Obesity | Any migraine | 4,664 (21.4) | - | - | 6,504 (29.9) | OR | Age, income, education, race, smoke, alcohol use, diabetes |
Peterlin, 2013 [59] | USA | Cross-sectional (NCS-R) | 2001-2003 | ≥18 | 50.3 | Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity | Episodic migraine | 188 (4.9) | 129 (3.3) | 1,306 (33.8) | 1,004 (26.0) | OR | Age, race, sex, smoking, poverty index, depression, diabetes |
Santos, 2014 [60] | Brazil | Cross-sectional* (ELSA-Brazil) | 2008-2010 | 35-74 | 54.0 | Pre-obesity, obesity | Non-daily migraine, daily migraine | 4,047 (27.8) [non-daily]; 228 (1.6) [daily] | - | 5,915 (40.6) | 3,308 (22.7) | OR | Age, sex, race, education level, monthly income, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, medication use |
Vo, 2011 [61] | USA | Cross-sectional* (Omega Study) | 1996-2008 | ≥18 | 100.0 | Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity | Any migraine | 670 (17.9) | 160 (4.3) | 612 (16.4) | 338 (9.1) | OR | Age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, smoking, exercise status |
Winter, 2012 [62] | USA | Cohort (WHS) | 1992-1995 | ≥45 | 100.0 | Any migraine, MO, MA | Pre-obesity, obesity | 3,483 (18.2) | - | 7,916 (41.3) | 730 (3.8) | HR | Age, race, randomized treatment assignments, baseline BMI, total calorie intake, alcohol consumption, exercise, smoking status, postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal status, history of cholesterol >240 mg/dl, history of hypertension, history of depression |