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Table 1 Main characteristics of the studies fulfilling narrow inclusion criteria (definition of body mass index categories according to the World Health Organization criteria)

From: Migraine and body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Study

Country

Design (population)

Period of inclusion

Age range (years)

Women (%)

Exposure(s)

Outcome(s) of interest

Migraineurs (n, %)

Underweight (n, %)

Pre-obese (n, %)

Obese (n, %)

Type of effect estimate

Confounders

Bigal, 2006 [52]

USA

Cross-sectional

1997-2000

≥18

65.0

Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity

Any migraine

3,791 (12.5)

941 (3.1)

9,258 (30.6)

3,133 (10.4)

OR

Marital status, income, use of daily medications, depression

Bigal and Lipton, 2006 [53]

USA

Cross-sectional

1997-2000

≥18

61.8

Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity

Transformed migraine

(1.3)

941 (3.1)

9,258 (30.6)

3,133 (10.4)

OR

Use of acute or preventive medication, age, race, socioeconomic status, depression

Gilmore, 1999 [54]

Canada

Cross-sectional* (NPHS)

1996-1997

20-64

49.4

Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity

Any migraine

NR

NR

(34)

(12)

OR

Age, sex

Jiménez-Sánchez, 2013 [55]

Spain

Cross-sectional (SNHS-NHSRP)

2006

≥16

50.9 (Spanish), 53.1 (Romany)

Any migraine

Obesity

(12.5, Spanish; 29.4, Romany)

-

-

(14.6, Spanish; 21.2, Romany)

OR

Gender, age, education level, occupational status, self-related health, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, sleep habits, physical exercise, hypertension, asthma, heart disease, osteoarthritis, allergy, diabetes, stomach ulcer, hypercholesterolemia,depression, osteoporosis, prostate problems, menopausal symptoms

Le, 2011 [56]

Denmark

Cross-sectional (DTR)

2002

20-71

69.6

Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity

Any migraine

8,044 (25.2)

230 (3.0) [migraine]; 477 (2.1) [healthy]

2,072 (27.2) [migraine]; 6,973 (30.8) [healthy]

682 (9.0) [migraine]; 1,743 (7.7) [healthy]

OR

Age, education, employment status, physical work load, recreational physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, marital status

Mattsson, 2007 [57]

Sweden

Cross-sectional

1997-1998

40-74

100.0

Obesity

Active migraine

130 (19.0)

-

-

(19.3)

OR

Age, education

Peterlin, 2010 [58]

USA

Cross-sectional* (NHANES)

1999-2004

≥20

51.2

Obesity

Any migraine

4,664 (21.4)

-

-

6,504 (29.9)

OR

Age, income, education, race, smoke, alcohol use, diabetes

Peterlin, 2013 [59]

USA

Cross-sectional (NCS-R)

2001-2003

≥18

50.3

Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity

Episodic migraine

188 (4.9)

129 (3.3)

1,306 (33.8)

1,004 (26.0)

OR

Age, race, sex, smoking, poverty index, depression, diabetes

Santos, 2014 [60]

Brazil

Cross-sectional* (ELSA-Brazil)

2008-2010

35-74

54.0

Pre-obesity, obesity

Non-daily migraine, daily migraine

4,047 (27.8) [non-daily]; 228 (1.6) [daily]

-

5,915 (40.6)

3,308 (22.7)

OR

Age, sex, race, education level, monthly income, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, medication use

Vo, 2011 [61]

USA

Cross-sectional* (Omega Study)

1996-2008

≥18

100.0

Underweight, pre-obesity, obesity

Any migraine

670 (17.9)

160 (4.3)

612 (16.4)

338 (9.1)

OR

Age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, marital status, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, smoking, exercise status

Winter, 2012 [62]

USA

Cohort (WHS)

1992-1995

≥45

100.0

Any migraine, MO, MA

Pre-obesity, obesity

3,483 (18.2)

-

7,916 (41.3)

730 (3.8)

HR

Age, race, randomized treatment assignments, baseline BMI, total calorie intake, alcohol consumption, exercise, smoking status, postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal status, history of cholesterol >240 mg/dl, history of hypertension, history of depression

  1. *baseline cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study.
  2. BMI, body mass index; DTR, Danish Twin registry; ELSA, Longitudinal Study of Adult Health; HR, hazard ratio; NCS-R, National Comorbidity Survey Replication; NHANES, National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey; NHSRP, National Health Survey in the Romany Population; NPHS, National Population Health Survey; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; SNHS, Spanish National Health Survey; WHS, Women’s Health Study.