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Table 1 Sensitivities, specificities, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, and overall agreement with “gold-standard” diagnoses (kappa), of the diagnostic question set for migraine and tension-type headache

From: Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire

Study

Migraine

Tension-type headache

Sensitivity

Specificity

PPV

NPV

Kappa

Sensitivity

Specificity

PPV

NPV

Kappa

India[10]1

0.63

0.85

0.55

0.89

0.46

0.57

0.81

0.61

0.79

0.39

China[11]2

0.83

0.99

0.83

0.99

0.82

0.51

0.99

0.86

0.92

0.59

Russia[12]3

0.77

0.82

0.69

0.87

0.58

0.64

0.91

0.86

0.74

0.56

Pakistan[13]4

0.74

0.87

0.60

0.92

0.56

0.60

0.92

0.69

0.88

0.54

  1. 1Translated into Kannada; 2translated into Mandarin Chinese; 3translated into Russian; 4translated into Urdu.