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Table 1 Models of relations between sleep and headache

From: Headache and comorbidity in children and adolescents

1

Sleep as trigger factor for headache (excessive, reduced or disrupted, increased deep sleep)

2

Sleep as relieving factor for headache

3

Sleep disturbance as cause of headache (es. sleep apnea)

4

Headache as cause of sleep disturbance (es. attacks occurring during sleep)

5

Sleep disorders in headache patients (parasomnias, sleepwalking)

6

Sleep related headache:

 

a) Temporal relationship (during or after sleep)

 

b) Sleep stage relationship:

 

  1. REM sleep (migraine, cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania)

 

  2. Slow-wave sleep (migraine)

7

Headache/sleep association:

 

a) Intrinsic origin (modulation through the same neurotransmitters)

 

b) Extrinsic origin (i.e. fibromyalgia syndrome)

 

c) Reinforcement (bad sleep hygiene)