Table 5 Health care costs (in €2010) over 3 months for participants with chronic (CM) and episodic migraine (EM) in the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain
Study measurement | UK (NÂ =Â 1,070) | France (NÂ =Â 1,461) | Germany (NÂ =Â 1,449) | Italy (NÂ =Â 976) | Spain (NÂ =Â 699)a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CM (n = 57) | EM (n = 1,013) | CM (n = 57) | EM (n = 1,404) | CM (n = 52) | EM (n = 1,397) | CM (n = 55) | EM (n = 921) | CM (n = 55) | EM (n = 644) | |
Primary care physician visits | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 79.67 (94.01) | 39.82 (116.6) | 64.57 (156.7) | 16.71 (31.31) | 82.67 (147.1) | 24.36 (53.61) | 47.72 (66.02) | 16.94 (47.88) | 81.55 (123.9) | 20.79 (50.89) |
 Min–max | 0–332 | 0–1,936 | 0–1,159 | 0–464 | 0–788 | 0–630 | 0–235 | 0–706 | 0–636 | 0–636 |
 Median | 55 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
Neurologist/headache specialist visit | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 71.38 (144.7) | 17.15 (79.96) | 11.03 (28.12) | 2.61 (12.65) | 32.75 (63.62) | 7.70 (26.24) | 20.54 (36.24) | 6.32 (21.99) | 27.04 (46.75) | 9.32 (31.91) |
 Min–max | 0–824 | 0–824 | 0–140 | 0–175 | 0–315 | 0–315 | 0–188 | 0–282 | 0–215 | 0–322 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nurse practitioner/physician assistant visits | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 1.36 (8.71) | 1.38 (14.08) | 0.35 (2.67) | 0.76 (24.28) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00)* | 0.00 (0.00)* | 2.67 (11.88) | 1.32 (7.31) |
 Min–max | 0–65 | 0–375 | 0–20 | 0–906 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–80 | 0–107 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other specialist visits | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 39.74 (122.5) | 25.53 (181.6) | 41.29 (141.2) | 5.76 (26.64) | 26.87 (57.08) | 10.58 (42.28) | 21.41 (43.54) | 4.85 (21.53) | 35.54 (86.33) | 17.20 (71.89) |
 Min–max | 0–676 | 0–3,400 | 0–899 | 0–594 | 0–244 | 0–513 | 0–171 | 0–273 | 0–416 | 0–1,056 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Emergency room visits | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 53.89 (227.5) | 7.09 (53.63) | 0.43 (3.28) | 0.79 (6.23) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 9.25 (43.51) | 5.19 (26.39) | 93.61 (191.1) | 45.64 (162.1) |
 Min–max | 0–1,589 | 0–1,059 | 0–25 | 0–124 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–282 | 0–471 | 0–872 | 0–2,117 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hospitalizations | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 184.0 (939.2) | 16.00 (171.0) | 0.00 (0.00) | 7.81 (83.91) | 69.53 (448.1) | 31.92 (333.2) | 112.8 (630.9) | 27.53 (217.6) | 112.8 (591.9) | 61.30 (649.0) |
 Min–max | 0–6,570 | 0–4,133 | 0–0 | 0–2,035 | 0–3,214 | 0–7,231 | 0–4,316 | 0–2,698 | 0–3,527 | 0–14,706 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Diagnostic testingb | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 81.69 (290.1) | 19.97 (195.3) | 26.43 (52.83) | 6.78 (25.07) | 38.15 (95.96) | 20.62 (75.81) | 64.02 (192.4) | 24.07 (85.23) | 70.90 (160.7) | 29.83 (167.6) |
 Min–max | 0–2,007 | 0–5,655 | 0–223 | 0–352 | 0–500 | 0–1,285 | 0–1,201 | 0–596 | 0–616 | 0–3,651 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Blood tests | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 5.16 (20.27) | 1.07 (6.69) | 13.00 (33.57) | 3.11 (12.32) | 3.37 (7.41) | 1.01 (3.79) | 8.94 (29.55) | 3.72 (14.09) | 10.50 (36.05) | 2.56 (11.08) |
 Min–max | 0–141 | 0–106 | 0–182 | 0–109 | 0–32 | 0–32 | 0–155 | 0–129 | 0–251 | 0–100 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Botulinum toxin injections | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 43.22 (231.4) | 5.80 (91.23) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.38 (36.54) | 0.00 (0.00) | 13.93 (159.4) | 49.93 (267.7) | 4.97 (67.94) | 8.84 (65.57) | 15.10 (134.7) |
 Min–max | 0–1,421 | 0–2,369 | 0–0 | 0–969 | 0–0 | 0–3,124 | 0–1,716 | 0–1,373 | 0–486 | 0–2,431 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Transcutaneous nerve stimulator procedures (TENS) | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 45.11 (284.6) | 13.93 (91.15) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.10 (12.25) | 3.63 (19.87) | 0.83 (9.62) | 0.96 (7.13) | 2.50 (20.64) | 12.19 (43.57) | 3.17 (35.90) |
 Min–max | 0–2,119 | 0–1,589 | 0–0 | 0–263 | 0–133 | 0–266 | 0–53 | 0–317 | 0–232 | 0–697 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acupuncture | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 4.61 (19.50) | 4.63 (31.04) | 28.86 (117.4) | 5.79 (37.68) | 36.98 (112.3) | 12.00 (54.95) | 3.59 (18.43) | 3.20 (19.95) | 53.38 (166.8) | 11.35 (76.39) |
 Min–max | 0–128 | 0–358 | 0–705 | 0–705 | 0–483 | 0–483 | 0–126 | 0–269 | 0–898 | 0–898 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Occipital nerve block | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 199.5 (727.3) | 12.20 (147.3) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.45 (7.64) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 2.89 (21.46) | 1.44 (12.65) | 2.36 (17.54) | 12.52 (103.3) |
 Min–max | 0–3,708 | 0–2,966 | 0–0 | 0–167 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–159 | 0–159 | 0–130 | 0–1,561 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Prophylactic medications | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 40.50 (93.48) | 17.73 (54.80) | 7.08 (19.41) | 3.27 (14.88) | 4.07 (14.30) | 4.90 (25.86) | 0.48 (2.68) | 0.91 (5.48) | 7.90 (21.94) | 2.70 (14.16) |
 Min–max | 0–366 | 0–401 | 0–106 | 0–180 | 0–78 | 0–341 | 0–18 | 0–62 | 0–93 | 0–127 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acute medications | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 39.73 (66.61) | 19.81 (45.79) | 104.8 (202.4) | 40.01 (99.05) | 34.20 (138.5) | 30.56 (91.00) | 158.9 (357.3) | 45.90 (150.0) | 121.9 (216.8) | 30.37 (84.75) |
 Min–max | 0–293 | 0–682 | 0–772 | 0–1,079 | 0–936 | 0–1,769 | 0–2,352 | 0–2,149 | 0–958 | 0–925 |
 Median | 12 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 37 | 2 |
Other medications | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 40.05 (58.66) | 14.53 (31.62) | 96.91 (92.40) | 25.24 (45.34) | 41.58 (98.55) | 15.62 (48.46) | 160.6 (189.9) | 59.59 (111.3) | 26.27 (70.70) | 9.95 (30.83) |
 Min–max | 0–151 | 0–151 | 0–251 | 0–251 | 0–370 | 0–370 | 0–572 | 0–572 | 0–262 | 0–262 |
 Median | 0 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 143 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total cost | ||||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 929.6 (1,605) | 216.6 (784.3) | 394.9 (526.4) | 121.6 (220.1) | 373.8 (659.1) | 174.0 (509.0) | 662.1 (1,298) | 207.2 (423.1) | 667.5 (1,039) | 273.1 (879.3) |
 Min–max | 0–7,233 | 0–21,042 | 0–3,417 | 0–3,047 | 0–3,894 | 0–8,629 | 0–7,433 | 0–4,523 | 0–6,059 | 0–15,684 |
 Median | 282 | 55 | 251 | 58 | 95 | 19 | 307 | 71 | 230 | 32 |