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Table 3 Health care resource use during preceding 3 months among participants with chronic (CM) and episodic migraine (EM) in the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain

From: Cost of healthcare for patients with migraine in five European countries: results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS)

Study measurea

UK (N = 1,070)

France (N = 1,461)

Germany (N = 1,449)

Italy (N = 976)

Spain (N = 699)

CM (n = 57)

EM (n = 1013)

CM (n = 57)

EM (n = 1,404)

CM (n = 52)

EM (n = 1397)

CM (n = 55)

EM (n = 921)

CM (n = 55)

EM (n = 644)

Primary care physician visits (%)

56.10

28.3**

59.60

36.5**

48.10

29.1*

52.70

25.5**

54.50

25.30**

 Mean (SD)b

2.57 (1.55)

2.54 (3.43)

5.10 (8.91)

1.97 (1.64)

5.82 (5.78)

2.65 (2.28)

4.14 (3.20)

2.81 (3.33)

4.82 (4.36)

2.55 (2.35)

 Min–max

1–6

1–35

1–50

1–20

1–25

1–20

1–10

1–30

1–20

1–20

Neurologist/headache specialist visits (%)

28.10

6.0**

17.50

5.1**

34.60

12.7**

40.00

14.7**

32.70

11.50**

 Mean (SD)

1.53 (1.06)

1.73 (1.10)

1.80 (1.03)

1.46 (0.76)

3.13 (2.58)

1.92 (1.55)

2.18 (1.76)

1.83 (1.80)

1.53 (0.87)

1.50 (1.06)

 Min–max

1–5

1–5

1–4

1–5

1–10

1–10

1–8

1–12

1–4

1–6

Nurse practitioner/physician assistant visits (%)

3.50

3.30

1.80

0.40

1.90

1.30

1.80

1.50

7.30

4.20

 Mean (SD)

3.00 (2.83)

3.28 (5.24)

2.00d

17.67 (35.49)

5.00d

2.47 (1.66)

1.00d

2.31 (1.38)

2.75 (2.22)

2.35 (1.50)

 Min–max

1–5

1–29

2–2

1–90

5–5

1–6

1–1

1–5

1–6

1–8

Other specialist visitsc (%)

14.00

6.70

26.30

9.9**

26.90

12.5*

29.10

9.1**

23.60

12.70*

 Mean (SD)

2.14 (1.46)

3.83 (5.89)

5.17 (8.95)

1.94 (1.99)

4.15 (3.29)

3.58 (4.12)

3.57 (2.65)

2.39 (2.43)

3.23 (2.59)

2.75 (2.89)

 Min–max

1–5

1–30

1–31

1–18

1–10

1–21

1–8

1–12

1–9

1–16

Emergency room visits (%)

12.30

3.5*

1.80

2.10

3.80

3.90

5.50

6.40

27.30

15.50*

 Mean (SD)

4.14 (5.05)

1.86 (2.17)

1.00d

1.50 (0.92)

2.00 (1.41)

1.83 (1.78)

4.50 (2.12)

1.72 (1.50)

2.75 (2.01)

2.32 (2.62)

 Min–max

1–15

1–10

1–1

1–5

1–3

1–10

3–6

1–10

1–7

1–17

Hospitalizations (%)

8.80

1.5*

0

1.40

3.80

1.60

3.60

2.40

3.60

3.60

 Mean LOS (SD)

4.40 (6.27)

2.13 (1.88)

–

1.37 (1.12)

3.50 (4.95)

3.14 (3.38)

10.00 (7.07)

3.14 (3.03)

6.00 (1.41)

3.13 (6.26)

 Min–max

0–15

0–8

–

0–5

0–7

0–10

5–15

0–8

5–7

0–30

Diagnostic testinge (%)

14.00

4.6*

28.10

10.4**

23.10

12.90

16.40

10.20

20.00

9.30*

 Mean (SD)

3.13 (2.90)

3.30 (7.37)

2.53 (1.60)

1.54 (0.96)

3.00 (3.16)

2.87 (2.25)

5.00 (4.39)

2.61 (1.67)

2.64 (1.75)

2.81 (4.08)

 Min–max

1–10

1–48

1–6

1–6

1–11

1–20

1–15

1–9

1–6

1–30

Blood tests (%)

12.30

4.0*

17.50

6.8*

21.20

8.6*

12.70

9.10

20.00

6.40*

 Mean (SD)

3.57 (3.82)

2.22 (1.90)

2.11 (1.27)

1.24 (0.48)

2.11 (1.05)

1.48 (0.81)

2.71 (2.06)

1.57 (1.03)

2.09 (2.70)

1.55 (0.83)

 Min–max

1–12

1–9

1–5

1–3

1–4

1–4

1–6

1–5

1–10

1–4

Botulinum toxin A injections (%)

3.50

0.60

0

0.10

0

1.10

3.60

0.70

1.80

1.90

 Mean (SD)

3.00d

2.00 (2.00)

–

2.00d

–

2.08 (1.50)

4.00 (1.41)

2.00 (1.41)

1.00d

1.67 (1.23)

 Min–max

3–3

1–5

–

2–2

–

1–5

3–5

1–4

1–1

1–5

Transcutaneous nerve stimulator procedures (%)

5.30

3.80

0

1.10

3.80

1.60

1.80

2.70

10.90

1.60**

 Mean (SD)

20.50 (27.58)

6.87 (6.43)

–

14.70 (12.66)

20.00d

7.69 (10.25)

5.00d

8.71 (9.13)

3.75 (4.19)

9.25 (10.46)

 Min–max

1–40

1–30

–

2–40

20–20

1–40

5–5

1–30

1–10

1–30

Acupuncture (%)

7.00

3.50

8.80

3.80

11.50

6.90

5.50

4.10

12.70

3.70*

 Mean (SD)

1.00 (0.00)

3.00 (2.36)

7.00 (5.61)

3.18 (2.72)

10.80 (4.27)

5.33 (4.11)

3.67 (3.06)

4.30 (3.76)

7.60 (5.32)

5.00 (4.86)

 Min–max

1–1

1–8

1–15

1–15

5–15

1–15

1–7

1–15

2–15

1–15

Occipital nerve block procedures (%)

12.30

0.9**

0

0.40

0

2.10

1.80

1.40

1.80

2.20

 Mean (SD)

6.67 (6.62)

5.50 (3.46)

–

1.50 (0.71)

–

2.45 (1.47)

3.00d

1.88 (0.83)

1.00d

4.86 (4.74)

 Min–max

1–15

1–12

–

1–2

–

1–6

3–3

1–3

1–1

1–12

  1. –, mean (SD) could not be calculated because 0 patients received a medical resource in the category
  2. SD standard deviation, n number of patients
  3. * Comparison significant at P < 0.05
  4. ** Comparison significant at P < 0.001
  5. aGroup comparisons were made using the Fisher’s exact test
  6. bMean number of events of those reporting 1 or more
  7. cIncludes psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, pain specialist, and OB/GYN visits
  8. dSD not calculated because data were reported by only one respondent
  9. eIncludes magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, electroencephalogram, and electrocardiogram tests